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Từ điển LongMan Dictionary
economic
ec‧o‧nom‧ic S2 W1 AC /ˌekəˈnɒmɪk◂, ˌiː- $ -ˈnɑː-/ adjective [Word Family: noun: economics, economist, economy; adjective: economic, economical ≠ UNECONOMIC(AL), economy; verb: economize; adverb: economically ≠ uneconomically] 1. [ONLY BEFORE NOUN] relating to trade, industry, and the management of money ⇨ economy: ▪ Economic growth is slow. ▪ the government’s economic policy ▪ Economic reform is needed. ▪ In the current economic climate (=conditions), we must keep costs down.
2. an economic process, activity etc produces enough profit for it to continue SYN profitable OPP uneconomic: ▪ It is no longer economic to run the service. HINT: ► Do not confuse with economical (=cheap or not wasteful). • • • COLLOCATIONS nouns ▪economic activity (=the amount of buying, selling etc in a country or area) ▪ This year we have seen an upturn in global economic activity. ▪economic growth/development (=when businesses become more successful) ▪ We have enjoyed a period of steady economic growth. ▪an economic slowdown/downturn (=when businesses become less successful) ▪ Experts are predicting an economic slowdown at the beginning of next year. ▪economic recession (=a period during which a country or area has a lot of problems with its economy) ▪ People are scared they will lose their homes if there is an economic recession. ▪an economic crisis (=a situation in which there are a lot of problems with the economy, that must be dealt with quickly so the situation does not get worse) ▪ The country’s economic crisis continues to deepen as workers demonstrated against rising food prices. ▪economic recovery (=the process in which an economic situation improves after a period of failing) ▪ There are now signs of economic recovery in the region. ▪economic problems ▪ The country’s continuing economic problems could lead to recession. ▪the economic system (=the way in which the economy of a country or area is organized) ▪ There are fears that the country’s whole economic system could collapse. ▪an economic policy (=the way in which a government manages the economy of a country or area) ▪ Controlling inflation is the main aim of the government’s economic policy. ▪economic reform (=a set of changes made to an economy in order to improve it) ▪ The government agreed to a programme of economic reform. ▪the economic climate (=the general economic conditions in a country or area) ▪ In the current economic climate, a lot of people are trying to save more and spend less. ▪economic sanctions (=laws that stop trade with another country, as a way of forcing its leaders to make political changes) ▪ The UN threatened economic sanctions against the regime. ▪economic performance (=how well a company, country, or economy is doing) ▪ How do you explain this poor economic performance over the last few years? ▪economic factor (=a factor involving money or the economy that affects a situation) ▪ Complex economic and social factors have contributed to the rise in violent crime. ▪an economic indicator (=something that shows how well the economy of a country is doing, and what is likely to happen to it in the future) ▪ The main economic indicators show that the economy is still in decline. • • • THESAURUS ▪financial relating to money or the management of money : ▪ businesses that provide personal financial services ▪ the financial problems of old age ▪economic relating to the money of a country, area, or society, and the way it is earned, spent, and controlled : ▪ American voters were anxious for a change in economic policy. ▪ an economic crisis ▪fiscal [ONLY BEFORE NOUN] formal relating to the money, debts, tax etc that are owned and managed by the government : ▪ fiscal control ▪ The Indian government is trying to reduce the fiscal deficit. ▪monetary [ONLY BEFORE NOUN] formal relating to money, especially all the money in a country, and how it is managed : ▪ The Bank of Thailand has retained a tight monetary policy. ▪ the European Monetary System ▪budgetary [ONLY BEFORE NOUN] formal relating to the official plan of how the money of a country or organization is spent : ▪ City officials are facing tough budgetary decisions. ▪ the process of budgetary control
adjective COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES a business/economic/election etc cycle (=related events in business, the economy etc that repeat themselves over a certain period) ▪ the presidential election cycle a financial/economic/military etc disaster ▪ The project was a financial disaster. a political/military/economic setback ▪ The defeat represented a major political setback for the conservatives. a political/social/economic etc issue ▪ They discussed a number of political issues. an economic boom ▪ the postwar economic boom an economic embargo (=one that does not allow any trade or financial business with a country) ▪ He asked for an immediate end to the economic embargo imposed last year. an economic enterprise (=one that is intended to make money) ▪ It's an economic enterprise, not a charity. an economic forecast ▪ The Bank of England revised its economic forecast in the wake of the figures. an economic impact ▪ It is difficult to measure the economic impact of the war. an economic migrant (=someone who goes to another country to find a better job) ▪ They are economic migrants, escaping terrible poverty in their home country. an economic miracle ▪ Brazil seemed to be experiencing an economic miracle. an economic motive ▪ Many people believed that there were economic motives to the decision to go to war. an economic programme ▪ The party did not have a clear economic programme. an economic recession ▪ The economic recession of the '70s led to a fall in recruitment. an economic recovery ▪ The U.S. is showing solid signs of an economic recovery. an economic sector (=one part of the economy) ▪ The country is making efforts to expand such economic sectors as tourism and information technology. an economic strategy ▪ The government has changed its economic strategy. an economic theory ▪ His economic theory assumes that both labour and capital are perfectly mobile. an economic zone (=an area with special trade or tax conditions) ▪ The area has been made a special economic zone. an economic/military/business/political etc objective ▪ We have made good progress towards meeting our business objectives. an economic/political/financial etc crisis ▪ The country was headed into an economic crisis. commercial/economic exploitation commercial/economic potential (=the potential to earn money) ▪ They were quick to recognize the band’s commercial potential. commercial/economic/financial success ▪ None of his ideas had any commercial success. commercial/industrial/economic etc logic ▪ Reducing your carbon footprint is also backed by good economic logic. crime/economic/unemployment etc statistics ▪ The economic statistics tell a grim story. cultural/economic/social etc imperialism ▪ Small nations resent Western cultural imperialism. economic activity ▪ The current level of economic activity will influence business confidence. economic affairs ▪ He was appointed Minister of State with responsibility for economic affairs. economic assistance ▪ humanitarian aid and other forms of economic assistance economic collapse ▪ the threat of economic collapse economic depression ▪ the devastating effects of economic depression economic downturn ▪ America’s current economic downturn economic expansion ▪ Economic expansion in India and China is set to continue. economic factors ▪ Economic factors limit our options. economic failure ▪ Economic failure drove the government out of office. Economic forecasters ▪ Economic forecasters think that the stock market is set to fall. economic gloom ▪ It was a year of economic gloom for the car industry. economic growth ▪ American aid was meant to kick-start the country’s economic growth. economic inequality ▪ There has been an increase in economic inequality between nations. economic liberty ▪ The country is slowly moving towards democracy and economic liberty. economic performance ▪ Its economic performance has not matched that of other countries. economic plight ▪ the country’s economic plight economic problems ▪ He argued that the government was to blame for the country’s economic problems. economic prosperity ▪ a time of economic prosperity economic reform ▪ The Prime Minister has promised to push ahead with economic reform. economic ruin (=when someone loses all their money or when a country loses a lot of its trade, industry, and wealth) ▪ Their policies have been driving this country to economic ruin for the past 13 years. economic survival ▪ Both countries depend on wildlife-based tourism for their economic survival. economic ties ▪ Japan and South Korea have close economic ties. economic upturn ▪ an economic upturn economic well-being ▪ We are now concerned for the economic well-being of the country. economic/financial hardship ▪ The closure of the steelworks caused economic hardship for the town. economic/financial incentives (=money that is offered to someone as an incentive) ▪ Doctors are encouraged through financial incentives to work in poor areas. economic/fiscal policy ▪ The middle classes have suffered most as a result of government economic policies. economic/industrial etc decline ▪ This area has been severely affected by long-term industrial decline. economic/industrial/business etc development ▪ The US has been keen to encourage economic development in Egypt. economic/market trends ▪ This forecast is based on current economic trends. economic/political importance ▪ The role of the police has great political importance. economic/political/scientific etc analysis ▪ His book provided a scientific analysis of human behaviour. economic/political/social etc chaos ▪ Afterwards there was widespread famine and economic chaos. economic/practical/political etc necessity ▪ I’m afraid it’s become a matter of economic necessity. economic/social/environmental etc benefits ▪ Tourism has brought considerable economic benefits to the island. economic/trade sanctions ▪ The United Nations is considering new economic sanctions. environmental/nuclear/economic etc catastrophe ▪ The Black Sea is facing ecological catastrophe as a result of pollution. financial/economic aid ▪ The commission said it was ready to provide financial aid to help farmers. financial/economic difficulties ▪ The company is facing serious financial difficulties. financial/economic information ▪ The financial information contained in the report is based on the company's audited accounts. financial/economic planning ▪ Owing to poor financial planning, I was almost out of money. financial/economic resources ▪ Lack of financial resources can result in homelessness. financial/economic reward (also monetary rewardformal) ▪ It’s a difficult job, but the financial rewards are considerable. ▪ I’m not doing it for monetary reward. financial/economic/capital etc gain ▪ They are seeking to realize the maximum financial gain. financial/legal/economic etc constraints ▪ During the war, there were many physical and social constraints on citizens. from a theoretical/political/economic etc standpoint ▪ Let’s look at the questions from an economic standpoint. from an economic/financial/business point of view ▪ From a financial point of view, the concert was a disaster. legal/political/economic etc ramifications ▪ the environmental ramifications of the road-building program on the economic/political etc front ▪ On the technical front, there have been a number of important developments. political/cultural/economic influence ▪ French political influence began to dominate the country. political/economic etc clout ▪ people with financial clout political/economic independence ▪ Zambia achieved political independence without a prolonged conflict. political/economic/cultural etc dominance ▪ the economic and political dominance of Western countries political/economic/military power ▪ countries with little economic power political/emotional/economic/religious etc turmoil ▪ the prospect of another week of political turmoil political/social/economic etc elite ▪ the domination of power by a small political elite political/social/economic etc grouping ▪ During this period the family unit becomes the natural social grouping. political/social/economic etc repercussions political/social/economic realities ▪ He's ignoring political realities. right-wing/liberal/economic etc think tank ▪ a leading member of a Tory think tank social/economic/educational disadvantage ▪ Unemployment often leads to social disadvantage. social/economic/emotional etc deprivation ▪ Low birth weight is related to economic deprivation. social/political/economic consequences ▪ The rise in food prices has had enormous economic and political consequences. social/political/economic equality ▪ Black people had to fight for social and economic equality with whites. social/political/economic etc change ▪ Demands for political and social change are growing. social/political/economic structure ▪ Many changes had taken place in the social and political structure of the island. the economic environment ▪ The economic environment has changed, and many countries are sliding into recession. the economic sphere ▪ Will the reform programme be extended beyond the economic sphere? the economic/banking system ▪ There are fears that the whole banking system could collapse. the economic/political situation ▪ The country’s economic situation continued to deteriorate. the political/economic/social etc climate ▪ At the time the political climate was moving steadily to the right. COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS NOUN activity ▪ The image presented was of potentially active individuals bereft both of health and satisfaction through enforced retirement from economic activity. ▪ Whether in boom or slump, economic activity almost always produces a surplus. ▪ Answer guide: Because the accounts are to do with measuring economic activity rather than the timing of receipts and payments. 7. ▪ Never mind the fact that, in market economies, almost any economic activity can sometimes be said to meet this test. ▪ Trend data on employment and economic activity rates for women are less reliable, particularly given their low unemployment registration rates. ▪ The Victorian age was not simply one of progress, measured in terms of population growth and economic activity. ▪ We need far more effective policies on small businesses to encourage employment and greater economic activity. ▪ Tourism, the islands' principal economic activity, continued to grow. aid ▪ The United States suspended military and economic aid, but such support had been worth only US$16,400,000 in 1990. ▪ Buchanan has said he would gradually eliminate all foreign economic aid and give only limited assistance in instances of humanitarian disasters. ▪ Whereas the United States was in favour of taking a tough line, Britain argued that economic aid should not be stopped. ▪ When it asked for economic aid from the United States, Bush responded that the $ 119 million already promised was sufficient. ▪ So did Dulles, who promised economic aid to those who broke with the Kremlin. base ▪ The Barringtons vividly demonstrate that the village as an occupational community declined because the underlying economic base could no longer support it. ▪ The unemployment picture reflects these changes in the economic base. ▪ These communities have an average population of between 200 and 700 and an economic base of agriculture plus some light industry. ▪ The new policy would seek to reverse the pattern of out-migration while strengthening the economic base of inner-city areas. ▪ There is a lot of inertia in the landscape with places persisting even after their former economic base has disappeared. ▪ Such a thin economic base could support only a limited population, in fact even less than the county actually held. ▪ Racial struggle is linked to class struggle, and racism fractures both the political superstructure and economic base. ▪ To the extent environmental controls undermine our economic base, they threaten our ability to pursue the environmental goals we all share. benefit ▪ These environmental objections were considered to be serious enough to outweigh the economic benefits of allowing the proposal. ▪ They need to obtain positive economic benefits or cash flow early in the project life. ▪ It suffices that customers are expected to act in a way that will provide economic benefits to the entity. ▪ This exercise of economic power could be coercive, in the sense that A might prevent B from enjoying certain economic benefits. ▪ How does one decide whether the overall economic costs of regulation outweigh the overall economic benefits of regulation? ▪ The farmer in Upper and Central Bucks, where land values are lower, might see an economic benefit from the program. ▪ For example, a warrant will usually not be a liability as it does not contain an obligation to transfer economic benefits. boom ▪ The potential economic boom has been welcomed by business leaders in Swindon. ▪ Indeed, in almost every speech, he celebrates the economic boom of what he calls the Clinton-Gore administration. ▪ Its appearance coincided with an economic boom and an ideological crisis. ▪ Treatment of blacks altered slightly with the great depression of the thirties and the economic boom of the wartime forties. ▪ He says they haven't had the economic boom. ▪ Is an economic boom an unsustainable trend? ▪ But it soon faded in the economic boom of the 1950s and 1960s. ▪ By the eighteenth century, an economic boom had resulted in an active type of pre-capitalism, ready to take off. change ▪ A second impulse which prompted economic change came from outside the empire. ▪ First, one has to have self-pride, then you have to have political change, then follows economic change. ▪ A key concept in understanding such major shifts, and relating them to wider economic change, is uneven development. ▪ The state has become a microcosm of the economic change that has gripped the nation. ▪ These forces can be grouped into four major categories: political considerations, socio-demographic factors, economic change and financial constraint. ▪ They concluded that people as a whole react to events and to social and economic changes in reasonable and predictable ways. ▪ But Hashimoto has also led resistance to economic changes and concessions urged by the Clinton administration. climate ▪ Net margins were 14% of turnover, a very good performance considering the very unfavourable worldwide economic climate. ▪ Creditor business continues to be affected by the poor economic climate but rating action has resulted in some improvement in Q2. ▪ Creditor business continues to be affected by the poor economic climate. ▪ The economic climate of the 1980's may give new significance to the DRAs. ▪ Despite the strictures imposed and the tough economic climate, William Grant &038; Sons is constantly investing in the future. ▪ The most attractive reason in the current economic climate can be summed up in just one word, margin. ▪ But Nalgo leaders say residents need the service more than ever in the current economic climate. collapse ▪ The forest is new: the ultimate victor in the conflicts, economic collapse and depopulation of the late nineteenth century. ▪ In the United States in the 1930s, a financial collapse led to an economic collapse. ▪ Mr Karimov knows that he will stand or fall on his ability to stave off economic collapse. ▪ We moved ahead rapidly when the economic collapse of the Depression strained the capacities of families and communities to the breaking point. ▪ Unemployment and economic collapse have changed our views. ▪ Futures commissions are often created by communities that have experienced some form of trauma, such as economic collapse. ▪ Diehard optimists, like Mr Pynzenyk, say that hyperinflation and economic collapse will eventually force the country to its senses. ▪ The most extreme pessimists foretell a future of demographically driven privation, environmental overshoot, and economic collapse. crisis ▪ The following day the government introduced emergency measures to tackle the economic crisis. ▪ The world faced an economic crisis that was potentially worse than the Great Depression of the 19305. ▪ However, many commentators placed responsibility for the current economic crisis firmly on the Karami government's own policies. ▪ Others fret that the system might not provide enough help in times of rural economic crisis. ▪ Mr Major has now flown home to deal with the economic crisis. ▪ Sharp inequalities between different classes and ethnic groups and between men and women are often exacerbated by debt and economic crisis. ▪ Key economic indicators which Gaidar cited in his speech illustrated the depth of the economic crisis. ▪ The economic crisis of 1976 and the advent of Mrs Thatcher's Conservative government in 1979 was to change all that. decline ▪ In the context of the debate about the curriculum, economic decline and supposedly falling educational standards were important elements. ▪ Though not out of the range of historic experience, absolute economic decline is, of course, an extreme scenario. ▪ Trade An important policy issue concerns the effectiveness of import controls as an instrument for alleviating Britain's economic decline. ▪ The problems of cities-and particularly inner-city areas-were increasingly viewed as resulting from economic decline. ▪ It has presided over our economic decline for decades and even now is failing to reverse it. ▪ The same regions that once benefited from growth in these industries have, subsequently, suffered economic decline and depression. depression ▪ And now it had been in a deep economic depression for years. ▪ Did unemployment, economic depression and the General Strike reduce trade unionism to a pitiful weakness? ▪ We feel there will be an economic depression. ▪ The country was in the grip of economic depression, and in June 1921 there were more than two million out of work. ▪ The disorder was aggravated by the economic depression of the 1930s. ▪ Churchill's move to the Board of Trade in 1908 coincided with the return of acute economic depression. ▪ Ironically a period of severe economic depression may be advantageous, in one sense at least. development ▪ The government's commitment to the economic development of West Belfast was questioned. ▪ The government today is trying to combine preservation of indigenous cultures with economic development. ▪ The investigators on this project have worked together on a range of industrial and economic development projects in recent years. ▪ The city has also recently redirected its own economic development efforts to target impoverished groups and neighborhoods. ▪ This involved using existing data and also meetings with representatives from organisations involved in economic development in the valley. ▪ There is substantial room for growth within city limits and good reason to expect continued economic development. ▪ The pit's dilemma will be raised as an emergency item at this morning's meeting of Lothian's economic development committee. ▪ In essence, the rationale for local economic development links economic development to community well-being. downturn ▪ Yesterday's trade figures showed clearly that export volumes were at record levels even in a worldwide economic downturn. ▪ And it is fertile soil for a severe economic downturn in the post-cold war world economy. ▪ The world's economic downturn has triggered a rash of defaults in commercial paper and long-term debt, particularly by unrated issuers. ▪ A few years hence, the nation experiences a severe economic downturn. ▪ Inpart, the fading lustre of famous names can be blamed on the economic downturn of the 1990s. ▪ When the Exposition closed Chicago was already in the grip of a serious economic downturn. ▪ He said first he had to deal with the provincial government's financial woes and an economic downturn. ▪ There is no loophole to grant budget flexibility in case of an economic downturn. environment ▪ It looks at the economic environment, end-use market and industries, and competition. ▪ And strategic thinking about our future is imperative, because we are in an ultra-competitive economic environment. ▪ Employers were prepared to tolerate these rights and provisions in return for a profitable economic environment. ▪ All signs seem to point to a weak economic environment for a while. ▪ Forecasts of the economic environment have already been analysed in the previous chapter. ▪ Business risk is the risk imposed by the business and economic environment in which the firm operates. ▪ The international economic environment Most economists are agreed that the period 1948 to 1973 was one of increasing world prosperity. ▪ The greatest hindrance to recovery of this resource is the marginally favorable economic environment. factor ▪ The lifetime of coins was indeed sometimes very short as a result of various political or economic factors. ▪ But if economic factors are included, our choices of future missions will be dramatically changed. ▪ The law should not be concerned with solely economic factors. ▪ For many reasons, but the focus here is on the economic factors involved in commitment to family. ▪ This will be affected not just by economic factors, but by demographic and social factors as well. ▪ But fundamental economic factors turned more favorable to productivity growth in the 1980s and especially in the 1990s. ▪ As well as demographic trends these include such social and economic factors as alternative opportunities for employment and the supply of places. ▪ Analysts generally agree that the fundamental economic factors that produce corporate profits remain strong. growth ▪ Significant economic growth and social change has been brought about as a result of the offshore oil and gas industry. ▪ Creating new technologies to clean up the air could actually spur economic growth rather than burden it. ▪ On the other hand, 32 percent felt that economic growth should be given priority even if the environment suffered to some extent. ▪ But Clinton insists that new technologies will improve energy efficiency, enabling developing countries to continue economic growth without increasing emissions. ▪ Employment, the second, and trickiest, component, must depend on a return to sustained economic growth. ▪ The model is used to forecast economic growth and to estimate the potential effects of sudden shocks like a stock crash. ▪ A study of nine cities over 1965-83 found no significant relationship between economic growth and the arrival of new teams or stadiums. ▪ Figure 7-4 shows the combined real economic growth rate of these countries. history ▪ He was reading a book on political and economic history. ▪ So this is how economic history restarts. ▪ There has never been a time in economic history when comparative advantage was less static. ▪ There are, of course, many links and parallels between economic history and the development of the government and social institutions. ▪ More social history is being taught but examination syllabuses still focus on political and economic history which conventionally excludes women. ▪ To understand the sources of the new ways of life, we must turn to economic history. ▪ The literature throws into sharp relief the essential dichotomy in the approach to this issue between economics and economic history. impact ▪ So, armed with consultants' reports on the favorable economic impact, they offer to provide buildings or infrastructure. ▪ This week the 49ers released an economic impact report that was eight pages long. ▪ The uncertain nature of the economic impact of the Second World War is easily demonstrated. ▪ The pollution is already making a strong economic impact, both in the ponds and on the open water. ▪ Previous economic impact studies in tourism have used the 1979 and 1984 tables. ▪ That would have serious economic impact. ▪ Both as employees and as entrepreneurs, their position is better than it was and their economic impact bigger. ▪ Before critical habitat can be designated, an analysis of the resulting social and economic impacts must be made. incentive ▪ The fact remains that any legal regime which lowers the economic incentive for drugs-crime will surely boost drug consumption. ▪ But Reimers, 62, said that universities have an economic incentive to stick to fundamental research. ▪ Perhaps this led to a greater emphasis on the other economic incentive. ▪ The measure seeks to take the economic incentive away from employing illegal immigrants. ▪ In terms of economic welfare, as in terms of economic incentives, the picture is again unclear. ▪ The people most likely to be affected by economic incentives are those who are the most economically vulnerable. ▪ The rational-economic individual is primarily motivated by economic incentives. ▪ He believed strongly in economic incentive. issue ▪ Agreement was reached on a number of economic issues. ▪ Weld was scheduled to speak Wednesday night when convention organizers intend to stress economic issues. ▪ Observers say economic issues may get a more serious airing in Eastern states, which have been roiled by the shifting economy. ▪ The first is an attempt to rectify Realism's inability to deal with economic issues. ▪ A greater awareness of biological, social and economic issues in the context of formal education is required. ▪ But many of those arising over factory conditions and economic issues often included a political dimension. life ▪ Definite and energetic steps must be taken in other directions to restore the balance of our national economic life .... ▪ We as a union knew that our primary job was to protect the worker and improve his economic life. ▪ Seventh, accountability and judgment are an integral part of economic life. ▪ Nothing is more completely accepted in the conventional wisdom than the cliche that economic life is endlessly and inherently uncertain. ▪ Depreciation is to be based on the shorter of the lease term and useful economic life. ▪ This would be possible were it merely a matter of invention or were the hazards of modern economic life increasing. ▪ Papyri are less informative about economic life in Alexandria. ▪ Poverty and insecurity thus became inherent in the economic life of even the most favored country. miracle ▪ The truth is that, though a slimmer deficit is devoutly to be desired, it does not guarantee an economic miracle. ▪ Equally important was the West Berlin economic miracle. ▪ Suddenly, the economic miracle of the past decade began to be recognized for what it was. ▪ It could disappear into the whirring computers and multicolored flow charts of the economic miracle. ▪ The main Conservative claim to national support, therefore, namely that they had worked an economic miracle, seemed increasingly shallow. ▪ So unless you believe in unproven economic miracles, the alternative is busting the budget. ▪ She barely mentions the economic miracle. ▪ What is happening in the land of the economic miracle? performance ▪ This section highlights some of the principal types of variation between places that impinge on their economic performance and social problems. ▪ To do so takes successful decade after successful decade of good economic performance. ▪ Britain's poor economic performance has been the dominant theme of political debate and economic discourse since the 1950s. ▪ But weak economic performance, supporters said, is precisely why Kim has pushed so hard to revise the labor law. ▪ According to the state's traffic planning department, traffic calming had improved the economic performance of cities like Dusseldorf. ▪ Perceptions of Britain's economic performance and prospects were obviously influenced by objective economic factors and by government manipulation of economic statistics. ▪ Drucker has also argued that there is a further basic function of management in business: economic performance. ▪ Regulated, socialised economies trample on human dignity, despoil the natural environment and depress economic performance. policy ▪ He made no direct reference to the disturbances in April against the government's economic policies. ▪ The domination of economic policy by the Federal Reserve and other central banks is new. ▪ The most striking absence of progress was in economic policy. ▪ Conservative economic policy ironically has created social conditions which have led to increased crime amongst the middle as well as working classes. ▪ For the first time, Mr Major has put a bit of distance between himself and economic policy. ▪ Co-ordination of economic policies is far away. ▪ Democratic regimes are constrained by the authoritarian and elitist state that ultimately controls the instruments of economic policy and coercion. power ▪ As women increasingly spend some of their married lives in careers, it follows also that they have more economic power. ▪ To what extent this promotes economic power would be hard to estimate, but the two are certainly not unrelated. ▪ They sought legitimacy and a political outlet to match their enormous economic power. ▪ The standard has prestige simply because its speakers have political, social and economic power. ▪ To decentralise and geographically disperse political and economic power. ▪ Although he wielded enormous economic power, Park never became a rich man and was not personally corrupt. ▪ They are: first, the growth of giant industrial enterprises and the concentration of economic power in fewer of them. ▪ Table 28-I, on the other hand, indicates a number of very basic manufacturing industries wherein economic power is highly concentrated. problem ▪ The Wilson government inherited serious economic problems in October 1964, but made matters worse by its own decisions. ▪ They expressed concerns that decreased military spending can become an economic problem in regions that depend on the armed forces for jobs. ▪ In face of these political and economic problems, the legislative record of the second administration was necessarily limited. ▪ He has no credible ideas or answers to the economic problems he outlines at such length. ▪ Although these reforms have been pursued, their implementation has been hampered by economic problems and the war. ▪ His initial research will focus on how best to solve economic problems in inner-city areas. ▪ The economic problems caused by unemployment led to the collapse of the second Labour government. ▪ In itself this elusiveness is testimony to just how enormously difficult it is to find practical solutions to Britain's economic problems. progress ▪ The Association sought to show that the restrictions in the agreement were indeed indispensable to the promotion of technical or economic progress. ▪ He offered an all but certain formula for economic progress. ▪ This is our economic argument: a path to personal enrichment from the fruits of economic progress more widely shared. ▪ The overwhelming reasons cited were the economic progress and develop-ment under his regime, and its relative stability. ▪ The timing would depend on economic progress. ▪ These fears were, strongest at a time when great advances in social security were coinciding with great economic progress. ▪ Food is the basic necessity of life and without it economic progress is impossible. ▪ Dole meant to suggest that if elected he would bring real governmental reform and new national economic progress. prosperity ▪ According to the economic libertarian's theory, there should have been an increase in economic prosperity. ▪ She also quickly realized that economic prosperity would more than make up for her political defeat. ▪ Conservatives understand the engine of economic prosperity. ▪ The crime wave that spurred them has been falling steadily in times of greater economic prosperity. ▪ Bush emphasized the linkage between economic prosperity and political freedom. ▪ The outcome could have widened the already-growing gap between rich and poor and profoundly affected our economic prosperity for decades. ▪ Many other economic factors might be viewed as contributing to the emergence of spatial disparities in economic prosperity. ▪ Forbes, speaking by telephone, promoted his flat tax plan as a catalyst for economic prosperity. recession ▪ The economic recession of the late 1970s brought about a decline in the scheme similar to that in regional policy. ▪ An economic recession could throw it right off course. ▪ Confirmation of economic recession Figures issued at the end of November 1990 confirmed that the economy was in recession. ▪ In the 1980s, the economic recession has produced a trend towards takeovers and mergers in the international record industry. ▪ Amid economic recession, the purges continued through 1954. ▪ Take the fear of economic recession - will you or your partner lose your job? ▪ Such figures represent a huge leapfrogging of rates formerly charged and need justifying in an economic recession. ▪ Under the present conditions of economic recession, regional policies are fighting a losing battle. recovery ▪ The lower inflation and freer market, it is claimed, has generated an economic recovery. ▪ As Malden Mills continues its economic recovery, the victims of the fire are also improving. ▪ If the rise in long-term interest rates threatens economic recovery, then so does the sharp rally in the yen. ▪ They came in the period of relative economic recovery between the two big crises of 1929 and 1938. ▪ He will initially help local authorities and other agencies plan for the economic recovery of Cumbria, the worst hit area. ▪ Mr McVeigh said the investment programme would enable the company to benefit from economic recovery in its most important markets. ▪ What is needed is a period of steady law-making on the back of the economic recovery now unfolding. ▪ Second, we have seen off the threat of a world trade war which would have destroyed any hope of economic recovery. reform ▪ Intended to support economic reforms over a 10-month period, the credit would be issued in four tranches. ▪ The leadership woke up last year after scientists warned that potential economic losses from an epidemic would erase gains from economic reforms. ▪ He retired from architectural practice in 1906 and concentrated once again on his utopian schemes for social and economic reform. ▪ He has preached pragmatism towards Moscow and a cautious approach to economic reform. ▪ The outcome of the voting on June 13 was portrayed by observers as a victory for supporters of radical economic reform. ▪ But economic reform is passing power from central government to the provinces, and from repressive institutions to individual enterprises. ▪ The loan would further the current economic reform programme, initiated in 1985. sanction ▪ But what enables a state to resist the effects of economic sanctions? ▪ Finally, the courts have ruled that school boards can impose economic sanctions on teachers who go on strike. ▪ The United Nations is considering imposing new economic sanctions. ▪ Almost 10 years of bombing and economic sanctions have taken an enormous toll. ▪ Unfortunately, never in contemporary history have economic sanctions felled a regime, no matter how weak. ▪ They were criticised for a cavalier approach to company expenses and for contravening the government's economic sanctions against Rhodesia. situation ▪ Alternative energy technologies will be successfully diffused only if realistic assumptions are made about the real economic situation in the Third World. ▪ Although independent, therefore, the country remains in a typically colonial economic situation, dangerously dependent on fluctuations in world markets. ▪ The first is the world economic situation, which hits him in two ways. ▪ Surely we each agree that fallow or underused land is of no help to the economic situation. ▪ Yet the economic situation will not by itself defeat the present regime. ▪ Experience has shown that the latter can not sustain liberal democracy in the context of their weak economic situations. ▪ In each country my talks centred on the serious economic situation and military issues including proliferation. ▪ Therefore individual work measurement becomes inappropriate and each worker's salary is determined primarily by the overall economic situation of the enterprise. strategy ▪ The government denied that the changes had been precipitated by disagreements on economic strategy. ▪ Maynard Smith tried pitting different genetic strategies against each other in the same way that economists do with different economic strategies. ▪ Secondly, it will evaluate the impact of government economic strategies within each area. ▪ Dole aides have said the candidate may propose broader income tax cuts later this year as part of his long-range economic strategy. ▪ Activities included developing economic strategies and initiatives; providing business support services; improving the environment and removing barriers to economic development. ▪ An outline of the current national economic strategy is provided by the Minister of Industry and Commerce. ▪ Thus neither the causes nor consequences of this type of economic strategy can be said to be specifically local. ▪ Nevertheless, supply-side doctrine provided a theoretical underpinning for the main thrust of his economic strategy. structure ▪ One powerful argument attributes this stagnation to the economic structure set in the early 1950s. ▪ These totals inevitably vary considerably from zone to zone, depending on its economic structure, location, and so on. ▪ As an economic structure, patronage had an effect on Leapor's poetry. ▪ Although Sri Lanka was a small island, there were marked differences in local economic structures even within the Sinhala-speaking areas. ▪ Even while the system remains capitalist it may at different phases be dominated by differently organized social and economic structures. ▪ For each country will have specific problems related to its own social, political and economic structure. ▪ This necessitated the abolition of the whole Bakufu- han system and the economic structure on which it rested. ▪ A home is established by the social, cultural and economic structures of the occupants of a house. system ▪ If the monetary system topples the economic system will also come crashing down. ▪ Similarly, activities within the economic system can have a major impact on the political system. ▪ But in traditional capitalist socio-economic systems, companies may employ automation without regard to the cost to the whole population. ▪ Capitalism is an economic system based on the free accumulation of capital or wealth. ▪ An economic system justifies itself by pointing to the wealth it produces, and an educational establishment to skills and knowledge. ▪ It is they who in the future will be driving the economic system. ▪ In an economic system coordinated solely by markets there is no guarantee that what is produced can be sold. ▪ Chapter 9 analyzes the alternative frameworks through which the political system and the economic system are linked. theory ▪ Some relate to queries concerning economic theory, others to the nature of the actors involved in political processes. ▪ It all sounds like economic theories, you know. ▪ The theory of free movement Traditional economic theory suggests that there are benefits to be reaped from creating free movement. ▪ Therefore, he devoted more of his time to philosophy and to educating Mexander the Great than he did to economic theory. ▪ The ultimate determinants of real investment, whether by foreign or domestic firms, remain a contentious issue in economic theory. ▪ The scientistic rationale was particularly influential in the creation of modern economic theory. ▪ Secondly, the competition of economic theory is cast solely in terms of price competition and narrowly defined profit maximisation. ▪ Standard economic theory would dismiss the effort as naive and counterproductive. tie ▪ This, together with closer economic ties with the West, added to the Empire's leverage in international affairs. trend ▪ What other relationships might exist between demographic and economic trends? ▪ Major is struggling to get the voters to focus on positive economic trends. ▪ In fact the Longbridge saga was more about global economic trends than currencies. ▪ Michael Ghiselin developed this idea further in 1974 and made some telling analogies with economic trends. ▪ Already a £4.1 billion industry, quick-service restaurants continue to expand as quickly as ever, despite the economic trend. ▪ However, economic trends and social security changes appear to have undermined these strategies. ▪ Despite some encouraging economic trends there is as yet no confirmed upturn in activity, and any recovery will be fragile. ▪ Plynus's desire for advancement is seen against economic trends which entice people from their duties. PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES political/economic suicide ▪ Hence Mr Yeltsin's dilemma: to persuade the deputies to commit political suicide without acting unconstitutionally. ▪ It built the Central Valley Project to rescue the growers from economic suicide by groundwater overdraft. ▪ Sensing his authority had ebbed, Fujimori grimly took the only exit left: political suicide, a move that stunned everyone. ▪ The government believes it would be political suicide to allow pension contributions to rise above 30 percent. ▪ To have taken on the world in that state would have been political suicide. EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES ▪ a wide variety of economic development strategies ▪ Cuba is emerging from five years of economic crisis. ▪ Florida will benefit from a number of economic trends that play to its strengths. ▪ In this kind of economic climate, employees prefer a lower salary in a job that is secure. ▪ Investors are holding out from Mexican stocks until they see clear signs of an economic recovery. ▪ Investors took their money elsewhere, prompting a far-reaching economic crisis. ▪ Slow economic growth and low consumer spending affected sales last year. ▪ The spies' motives were not political but economic. ▪ The tax breaks will stimulate economic activity. ▪ The US has maintained tough economic sanctions on Cuba. ▪ World leaders gathered in the Miyako Hotel to map out the agenda for next month's economic summit. EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS ▪ Economic theory Until comparatively recently, bargaining was a subject on which economic theory had very little to say. ▪ By these measures, the economic gap between the wealthier countries and the poorer countries is usually diminished. ▪ Each region has integrated needs-for public transit, for water and sewer systems, for solid waste treatment, for economic development. ▪ In his acceptance speech, he said that the Government's economic policy was damaging business in the north-east. ▪ The economic downturn that began in 1929 was enough on its own to cause an initial increase in failures. ▪ The key issue for corporate profits in the new year will be economic growth. ▪ The rule also sets a stiff economic hurdle for smaller competitors. ▪ When approached by the scientists, he persuaded them to include an economic angle to the project.
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