Tra từ judge - Từ điển Oxford Advanced Learner 8th

judge [judge judges judged judging] noun, verb BrE [dʒʌdʒ] NAmE [dʒʌdʒ]
noun

IN COURT
1. a person in a court who has the authority to decide how criminals should be punished or to make legal decisions
•a High Court judge
•a federal judge
• The case comes before Judge Cooper next week.
• The judge sentenced him to five years in prison.
compare ↑Justice of the Peace, ↑magistrate

IN COMPETITION
2. a person who decides who has won a competition
•the panel of judges at the flower show
• The judges' decision is final.

SB WHO GIVES OPINION
3. usually singular a person who has the necessary knowledge or skills to give their opinion about the value or quality of sb/sth
• She's a good judge of character.
• The last singer was the best— not that I'm any judge (= I do not know much about the subject).
•‘I'm not sure that's a good way to do it.’ ‘ Let me be the judge of that.’

Word Origin:
Middle English: from Old French juge (noun), juger (verb), from Latin judex, judic-, from jus ‘law’ + dicere ‘to say’.

Culture:
the legal system
In Britain, for historical reasons, the system of law used in Scotland is different from that in England and Wales, with the law in Northern Ireland similar to that in England. When making decisions Scottish courts look for an appropriate general principle and apply it to a particular situation. English law relies on case law, a collection of previous decisions, called precedents. English courts look at precedents for the case being tried and make a similar judgement. A basic principle of law in Britain is that anyone accused is innocent until proven guilty, so it is the job of the prosecution to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant (= the person accused) has broken the law as stated in the charge. If this cannot be proved the person must be acquitted (= allowed to go free, with no blame attached).
British law is divided into civil law which concerns disagreements between individuals about matters such as business contracts, and criminal law which deals with offences that involve harm to a person resulting from somebody breaking the law. In civil cases, the plaintiff (= the person who claims to have been wronged) brings an action against the defendant in the hope of winning damages (= a financial payment) or an injunction (= a court order preventing the defendant from doing something). Criminal cases are brought against criminals by the state, in England and Wales by the ↑Director of Public Prosecutions and in Scotland through procurators fiscal.
In England and Wales most towns have a Magistrates' Court where minor cases are judged and more serious cases are passed to higher courts by three magistrates called Justices of the Peace, specially trained members of the public. The more serious cases are heard in a ↑Crown Court by a judge and a jury. Minor civil cases, such as divorce and bankruptcy, are heard in the ↑county courts and more serious ones in the ↑High Court of Justice. Appeals against decisions from the Crown Court or the High Court go to the ↑Court of Appeal and a few cases, where a question of law is in doubt, are passed to the ↑House of Lords.
In Scotland, criminal cases are heard in District Courts by members of the public called lay justices. More serious cases go to regional sheriff courts and are heard by the sheriff and a jury. Appeals go to the ↑High Court of Justiciary in Edinburgh. Civil cases begin in the sheriff court and may go on appeal to the ↑Court of Session.
In the US, the judicial system is one of the three branches of the ↑federal government, but the legal system operates at many levels with state, county and city courts as well as federal courts. The right to trial by jury is provided by the Constitution. Each type of court has its own jurisdiction, that is it deals with certain kinds of cases. Both civil and criminal cases are first heard in trial courts and there is a right to appeal against the court’s decision in a court of appeals. Many states have family courts where people get divorced and small claims courts which deal with small amounts of money. States also have trial courts, which hear a wider range of cases, and courts of appeal called superior courts or district courts. Most states have a supreme court where the most serious appeals are held. States have their own criminal code, but some crimes are federal offences, i.e. against federal law, and crimes may fall under federal jurisdiction if more than one state is involved.
Most courts have only one judge, but some higher courts have several. In the US Supreme Court, the nine judges are called justices. The people on either side of a case are represented by lawyers, also called attorneys-at-law. In a criminal trial the defendant is represented by a defense attorney, or if he or she is too poor to pay a lawyer, the court will appoint a public defender. The prosecution is led by an assistant district attorney or, in federal cases, by a federal attorney.

Thesaurus:
judge noun
1. C
•The case comes before a judge next week.
magistrate • |formal Justice of the Peace/JP • |law the bench •
before a judge/a magistrate/a Justice of the Peace/a JP/the bench
appoint sb as a judge/magistrate/Justice of the Peace/JP/to the bench
a judge/magistrate orders/awards/adjourns/upholds/considers/dismisses/decides/finds sth
a judge/magistrate sentences sb
2. C
•The winner was chosen by a panel of judges.
referee • • umpire • |BrE examiner • |especially in AmE moderator • |informal ref • |formal arbiter •
an independent judge/examiner
act as (a/an) judge/referee/moderator/arbiter
the judge/referee/umpire decides/awards sth

Example Bank:
•A judge could impose a substantial penalty.
•Appeals court judges overturned the previous ruling.
•By next year you could be sitting as a High Court judge.
•He is a good judge of footballing talent.
•She has a reputation as a liberal, activist judge.
•She's usually a pretty shrewd judge of character.
•The judge admitted the notes of the interview as evidence.
•The judge awarded him damages of £20 000.
•The judge called the remaining witness for the Crown.
•The judge held that the company had been negligent.
•The judge must direct the jury on points of law.
•The judge ordered the company to pay compensation to the claimant.
•The judge overseeing the case ordered the documents to be produced.
•The judge summed up and the jury retired to consider its verdict.
•The judges' decision on the entries is final.
•The trial judge dismissed her compensation claim.
•They must persuade the judge that a particular juror is likely to be biased.
•Which judge will be sitting next week?
•You are the best judge of what your body needs.
•a panel of independent judges
•a shrewd judge of character
•‘I'm not sure that's a good way to do it.’ ‘Let me be the judge of that.’
•The conviction was quashed by the three appeal judges.
•The judges' decision is final.
•The last singer was the best— not that I'm any judge.
•The winner was chosen by a panel of judges.
Idiom: ↑don't judge a book by its cover

verb

FORM OPINION
1. intransitive, transitive to form an opinion about sb/sth, based on the information you have
• As far as I can judge, all of them are to blame.
•Judging by her last letter, they are having a wonderful time.
•To judge from what he said, he was very disappointed.
•~ sb/sth (on sth) Schools should not be judged only on exam results.
•Each painting must be judged on its own merits.
•~ sb/sth + noun The tour was judged a great success.
•~ sb/sth to be/do sth The concert was judged to have been a great success.
•~ sb/sth + adj. They judged it wise to say nothing.
•~ that… He judged that the risk was too great.
•it is judged that… It was judged that the risk was too great.
•~ how, what, etc… It was hard to judge how great the risk was.

ESTIMATE
2. transitive to guess the size, amount, etc. of sth
•~ how, what, etc… It's difficult to judge how long the journey will take.
•~ sb/sth to be/do sth I judged him to be about 50.

IN COMPETITION
3. transitive, intransitive ~ (sth) to decide the result of a competition; to be the judge in a competition
• She was asked to judge the essay competition.

GIVE OPINION
4. transitive, intransitive ~ (sb) to give your opinion about sb, especially when you disapprove of them
• What gives you the right to judge other people?

IN COURT
5. transitive to decide whether sb is guilty or innocent in a court
•~ sth to judge a case
•~ sb + adj. to judge sb guilty/not guilty
Verb forms:

Word Origin:
Middle English: from Old French juge (noun), juger (verb), from Latin judex, judic-, from jus ‘law’ + dicere ‘to say’.

Thesaurus:
judge verb
1. I, T
•The tour was judged a great success.
assess • • evaluate • • rate • • gauge • |informal size sb/sth up •
judge/assess/evaluate/rate sb/sth as/on/according to sth
judge/assess/evaluate/rate/gauge how…
judge/assess/evaluate/gauge what/whether…
judge/assess/evaluate/gauge the extent/significance/success/effectiveness/effect/impact of sth
judge/assess/evaluate/gauge sth's progress/performance/quality/merits/potential
2. T
•It was difficult to judge the speed of the vehicle.
estimate • • gauge • • guess • • reckon • • assess • • calculate • |especially AmE figure • |formal extrapolate •
judge/estimate/gauge/guess/reckon/assess/calculate/extrapolate sth from sth
judge/estimate/guess/reckon/calculate/figure/extrapolate that…
judge/estimate/gauge/guess/assess/calculate/figure how much/how many/how far, etc.
judge/estimate/gauge/guess/assess/calculate the amount/value/size/distance
Judge or estimate? People estimate future costs and lengths of time which cannot be calculated exactly by thinking carefully about the information available; people judge distances and speeds by using their experience as a quick guide.
3. T, I
•He was judged guilty of murder.
adjudicate • |law decide •
adjudicate/decide on/in sth
judge/adjudicate/decide a case
adjudicate/decide a dispute/matter

Example Bank:
•‘There's something I haven't told you.’ She judged her words carefully.
•He believed that schools should be judged according to strictly academic criteria.
•He seems to have been a popular person, judging by the number of people at his funeral.
•He was often judged solely on his looks.
•I am in no position to judge whether what she is doing is right or wrong.
•I think I judged the distance wrongly.
•I think you're judging her rather harshly.
•It's not for me to judge whether he made the right decision.
•People use different criteria for judging success at school.
•Readers are left to judge for themselves whether McCrombie is hero or villain.
•The age of the furniture can be judged from the type of wood used.
•The bowler judged it well, timing the ball to perfection.
•Their performance of the concerto was beautifully judged and finely controlled.
•Those who preach intolerance should be judged accordingly.
•To judge from what she said, she was very disappointed.
•You always judge your own performance against that of others.
•You soon learn to judge distances when driving.
•You will be judged by the work you have produced over the year.
•Your slogan will be judged on its originality and style.
•judging his own performance against the performance of others
•learning to judge distances
•As far as I can judge, they are all to blame.
•Don't judge a book by its cover.
•He sensed that she was judging him.
•I don't really think that you're in a position to judge.
•I judged that he must be a very lonely man.
•It's difficult to judge exactly how accurate the account is.
•It's difficult to judge how long the journey will take.
•Judging by her last letter, they are having a great time.
•Judging from what he said, he was very disappointed.
•Should he be judged guilty of murder?
•The first team to cross the line will be judged the winner.
•There will be judging in three age groups.
•They could dismiss workers participating in strikes judged to be illegal.
•You quickly learn to judge the distances involved.
•You shouldn't judge by appearances.
•You shouldn't judge her too harshly.
•Young children are unable to judge the speed of traffic.