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Từ điển LongMan Dictionary
politics
pol‧i‧tics S2 W2 /ˈpɒlətɪks, ˈpɒlɪtɪks $ ˈpɑː-/ noun [Word Family: noun: politician, politics, politicization, politicking, politico; adjective: political, politicized, apolitical, politic; verb: politicize; adverb: politically] [date : 1500-1600; Language : Greek; Origin : politika (plural), from politikos; ⇨ politic] 1. [U ALSO + PLURAL VERB BRITISH ENGLISH] ideas and activities relating to gaining and using power in a country, city etc ⇨ political, politician: ▪ a good understanding of politics in China ▪ modern American politics ▪ Politics have always interested Anita. national/local etc politics ▪ Brooke’s been involved in city politics since college. ▪ The president should stand above party politics (=working only for your political party).
2. [UNCOUNTABLE] the profession of being a politician: ▪ Flynn retired from politics in 1986. ▪ Her father’s trying to enter politics. ▪ Smith went into politics in his early twenties.
3. [PLURAL] the activities of people who are concerned with gaining personal advantage within a group, organization etc: ▪ I’m tired of dealing with all of the office politics. ▪ Her art examines sexual politics (=how power is shared between men and women). politics of ▪ the politics of race and class at American universities
4. [PLURAL] someone’s political beliefs and opinions: ▪ I assume her politics must be fairly conservative.
5. [UNCOUNTABLE] especially British English the study of political power and systems of government SYN political science: ▪ Tom is studying for a degree in politics. • • • COLLOCATIONS ADJECTIVES/NOUN + politics ▪national politics ▪ Mark had always been keen to have a career in national politics. ▪local politics ▪ Ann is very active in local politics. ▪international politics ▪ The two superpowers that dominated international politics. ▪world/global politics ▪ There was much going on in world politics at the time. ▪domestic politics (=within a country) ▪ The war had a major impact on the country’s domestic politics. ▪party politics (=trying to make your party successful) ▪ He believes that party politics has no place in local government. ▪power politics (=attempting to get power by using or threatening to use force) ▪ The party argued that power politics would always lead to war. phrases ▪be involved in politics ▪ After university, he became involved in local politics. ▪take part in politics ▪ Young people should be encouraged to take part in politics. ▪be active in politics (=be involved in) ▪ I was very active in politics before I retired. ▪interfere/meddle in politics ▪ He warned the army against interfering in politics. • • • THESAURUS ▪right-wing adjective a right-wing person or group wants low taxes, a strong army and police force, and the individual to be free from government interference as much as possible : ▪ right-wing political parties ▪ Some of his supporters are very right-wing. ▪ right-wing policies on gun control ▪left-wing adjective a left-wing person or group wants the government to make society more equal by increasing taxes for rich people, and taking control of important industries and services : ▪ a left-wing newspaper ▪ His views are very left-wing. ▪green adjective [USUALLY BEFORE NOUN]supporting policies and principles which will protect the environment : ▪ green politicians ▪ the Green Party ▪ The government is under pressure to improve its green credentials (=to seem more like it wants to protect the environment). ▪radical adjective supporting political ideas that will involve great change : ▪ radical politicians ▪ a radical economic reform programme ▪liberal adjective supporting political ideas that will allow people to have greater freedom : ▪ They want the government to have a more liberal policy on drugs. ▪moderate adjective having political opinions which are not extreme : ▪ People generally become more moderate as they get older. ▪ The bill is supported by moderate Republicans. ▪extreme adjective having political opinions which are considered to be very unreasonable by many people : ▪ His views on immigration are very extreme. ▪ an extreme right-wing organization
noun COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES a career in journalism/politics/teaching etc ▪ At the age of 15, he knew he wanted a career in politics. an English/history/politics etc essay ▪ He got a good grade for his English essay. entered politics ▪ She entered politics in 1996. gender politics (=the way in which men and women compete with each other for power) ▪ Much of the discussion of gender politics is rather simplistic. party politics ▪ The decision was influenced by party politics. power politics sexual politics talk sport/politics/business etc ▪ ‘Let’s not talk politics now,’ said Hugh impatiently. COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS ADJECTIVE active ▪ Thereafter he dropped out of active politics, and died 6 September 1658. ▪ Since his retirement from the military and his triumphant book tour, Powell has edged steadily toward an active role in politics. ▪ In February 1921 he gave up office and soon afterwards he accepted a peerage and retired from active politics. ▪ The democratic citizen is expected to be active in politics and to be involved. ▪ This is fully understood by everyone active in Washington politics despite all the anguished denials. ▪ The Judicature Society reported that half of the male federal judges were active in party politics before their election to the bench. ▪ He is professionally ambitious, and is active in local politics. ▪ Chapter 5 considers the behavior of those exceptional individuals who are extremely active in politics. comparative ▪ Briefing box 1.1 Making classifications: Aristotle and Finer Description and classification are the building blocks of comparative politics. ▪ All three countries represent a state of affairs that defies predominant theories in comparative politics. ▪ The discussion now turns to key examples from comparative politics that have examined these important questions. ▪ This book provides a good discussion of establishing functional equivalence in comparative politics. ▪ What then are the main conclusions about comparative politics that can be drawn from this cursory comparison to natural science? ▪ The comparative politics literature is rich with examples of these different levels of analysis. ▪ The fourth section summarizes these reasons, justifications, and terms for a science of comparative politics. democratic ▪ And a split is what is needed if democratic politics is to develop in the Soviet Union. ▪ The key to democratic politics is accountability. ▪ In their own ways, each man testified to the importance of labor as a force in Democratic politics. ▪ From this perspective democratic politics, and the two-party system in particular, was the problem and the cause of our economic ills. ▪ Much of the popular carnival atmosphere of traditional democratic politics was eliminated. ▪ It is therefore impossible to be dogmatic about the precise beginnings of modern democratic thinking and politics. ▪ In fact any two years away is a Democratic year. Democratic politics is what you might call future politics. domestic ▪ If you turned to domestic politics, the news was no better. ▪ With domestic politics figured in, the cutoff seems cynical in the extreme. ▪ Not a lot of domestic politics about, thank goodness! ▪ In the spring of 1978, it was dusted off for a more compelling reason, namely domestic politics. ▪ But they must follow somehow. Domestic politics dictates that. ▪ It was not easy to avoid domestic politics but we tried hard to achieve a delicate balance. electoral ▪ This is the new electoral politics. ▪ S policy hostage to electoral politics. ▪ Regional bodies of this sort encourage the representation of interests as interests, rather than their fragmentation through electoral politics. ▪ The 1992 political process demonstrated the impact of this dramatic episode on the electoral politics. ▪ Ideas as such are not central in electoral politics. ▪ Freed from electoral politics, she became an oracle of sorts. ▪ That success led the Newmanites further into electoral politics, where they finally emerged in 1979 as the neutral-sounding New Alliance Party. ▪ But focusing on electoral politics and economic development distracts us from the truly ugly side of our southern neighbor. internal ▪ Many firms find that the implementation process is not merely complex but that it amplifies strains in the internal politics. ▪ Human institutions can not be understood without understanding their internal politics. ▪ But it was beset by internal politics and narrow-mindedness. ▪ Our evidence for the organization and internal politics of classical Corinth is meagre, and out of proportion to the city's importance. ▪ A number of young activists who had been involved in internal politics since 1976 were also elected. ▪ But our internal press and politics is living in a mad euphoria. international ▪ Karadzic's continued freedom and the collective memory loss may suit international politics. ▪ On Tuesday, Grondahl will discuss the role of women leaders in national and international politics. ▪ An important aspect of alliances - like alliances in international politics - is that they frequently are between highly unequal partners. ▪ In the ambiguous world of international politics, clear-cut choices between competing interests and values are rare. ▪ A compromise will be reached but the implications are clear; international eco politics are with us. ▪ For nearly forty-five years, the two Superpowers had dominated international politics, alliances, and trade arrangements. ▪ He will certainly need to be well prepared for the task which faces him, with international cricket politics becoming increasingly complex. ▪ In international politics nothing endures like the provisional and nothing takes as long as the imminent. local ▪ The search for an acceptable Merovingian lord affected local as well as court politics. ▪ What emerges from that tainted oven will likely be a typical loaf of local politics leavened by big money. ▪ The nationalization of local politics arose from a specific combination of economic, social and political processes which no longer applies. ▪ The recall made them pay for that mistake and sent out a terrible message about making an error in local politics. ▪ I have been involved in local politics for several years and I am running in South Ward for the second time. ▪ Dole, raised in a Democratic family, registered as a Republican because the party dominated local politics. ▪ The homogeneity of local politics in the 1950s and early 1960s was the exception rather than the rule. ▪ And so Lacy began his foray into local politics. modern ▪ The realities of modern politics are such that roles may not be confined by constitutional definitions of office. ▪ One of the greatest myths in modern politics is that campaigns are too expensive. ▪ This traditional organisation characterised by individualistic, vertical clienteles militates strongly against the horizontal group-formation typical of modern politics. ▪ A.. Theoretically, caucuses are more like town meetings and are less subject to advertising and other tactics of modern politics. ▪ It has become a truism of modern politics that people will never vote to raise their taxes. ▪ The legacies of these two very different men, intense personal and ideological competitors, continue to influence modern politics today. ▪ What he most wanted to know about was not the ancient world but modern politics with its historical background. ▪ It is part of modern politics for politicians to parade their claims of success every so often. national ▪ The 1970s are more difficult to categorize from the point of view of planning and national politics. ▪ One of the strongest factors to be reckoned with in national politics was the press. ▪ Dorset gentry were irritated at Dorchester folk's disregard of their social superiors; national politics brought disaster. ▪ Occidental has long been active in local and national politics. ▪ Only five years ago, Mrs Shephard - the new Employment Secretary - was unknown to national politics. ▪ But he failed in his decade-long quest for a career in national politics. ▪ Devoting his energies to national politics, Adenauer had become President of the Parliamentary Council in 1948-9. ▪ Its owner is a banker, well-placed in national politics. presidential ▪ So far, the absolutist position has dominated Republican presidential politics. ▪ New Hampshire, with a population of only 1. 1 million, has long had a disproportionate influence on presidential politics. ▪ Frenzied fund-raising and free-wheeling spending transformed not only presidential politics but also House and Senate contests. ▪ A day away from presidential politics for a junkie is guaranteed to shift perspective and challenge perception. ▪ The Republicans had dominated presidential politics for almost twenty-five years when Clinton began his bid for the White House. ▪ This represents a dramatic turn of events in presidential politics. ▪ In presidential politics, winning is neither the only thing or everything. ▪ In presidential politics, numbers like these are extremely tempting, particularly in a close election. NOUN consensus ▪ The consensus politics of the post-1945 period in which so many of our demands were rooted is no more. ▪ The erosion of consensus politics overtook local government as it did many other areas of public life. ▪ It was the most important disavowal consensus politics in recent history. ▪ The practice of consensus politics has meant no determined action against inequalities by any Labour government. office ▪ Those who stay behind spend their time looking for jobs, playing office politics or simply nursing their wounds. ▪ Bob Woodward was a prima donna who played heavily at office politics. ▪ He asks her to cover for him while he is playing office politics elsewhere. ▪ With some disdain, almost all expressed the need to manage office politics. ▪ Then he went back for a week and found he could no longer take the petty office politics. party ▪ Their loyalty was therefore to some profounder vision of Britain than that expressed in mere party politics. ▪ There is a hundred things to single you out for promotion in party politics besides ability. ▪ This is not a matter of party politics or personalities or policies or even principles. ▪ The Treasury saw financial control as being concerned with sound finance and above party politics. ▪ Whoever bears the responsibility, the domination of local government by party politics is now almost complete. ▪ His world was one of party politics and current events, rather than long-term trends. ▪ The extreme social and economic difficulties they faced on independence meant that the emergence of recognizably democratic party politics was by no means certain. ▪ Not so different from party politics, really. power ▪ The closer you get to old fashioned power politics, the more the classic assets of old fashioned power matter. ▪ The second thing you learn, however, is that this is not simply a power politics street fight. ▪ It's the same in power politics. ▪ If ever there were a sign that money and power politics can be a lethal mix, this was it. ▪ As such she became integral to international strategic thinking and power politics in subsequent years. ▪ The novel departs clearly from Anthony Hope's tale in this element of the power politics of the 1920s. ▪ What startles is the play's modernity: it accords with our own scepticism about power politics. ▪ This outcome of family power politics has to be avoided. world ▪ But the moment passed, under the pressure of world politics. ▪ With my friends from home we had discussed Third World politics and our growing awareness of exploitation globally. ▪ Linkage assumed that world politics revolved around the constant struggle for supremacy between the great powers. ▪ I now work for Time magazine, they cover world politics and I cover the international end for them. ▪ The unfortunate Ingeborg remained a pawn in the game of world politics. ▪ The agonized hand-wringing about internationalism and the finer points of world politics were thrust aside. ▪ University College is celebrating one of its old boys landing the biggest job in world politics. VERB discuss ▪ This friendship is about not discussing politics. ▪ Both talking politics and feeling relatively unrestricted about with whom one can safely discuss politics are closely related to educational attainment. ▪ With my friends from home we had discussed Third World politics and our growing awareness of exploitation globally. ▪ How frequently do the students discuss politics? ▪ Near Medina he at last found Ibrahim, who declined to discuss politics. ▪ The principal directed her to stop discussing school politics, to teach economics, and to use more conventional teaching methods. ▪ The Custodian of Absentee Property did not choose to discuss politics. ▪ Still, they can tell you what they were doing last night, or discuss local politics. dominate ▪ So far, the absolutist position has dominated Republican presidential politics. ▪ Here, life is dominated by politics. ▪ For nearly forty-five years, the two Superpowers had dominated international politics, alliances, and trade arrangements. ▪ At college I had been thoroughly disgusted with the male egos that dominated the left-wing student politics. ▪ The Republicans had dominated presidential politics for almost twenty-five years when Clinton began his bid for the White House. ▪ The Conservatives had dominated Hampshire county politics for over a century. ▪ In Iowa, where the antiabortion movement dominates Republican politics, Buchanan moved to stake out the strongest position on the subject. enter ▪ Cooperation enters politics By the end of the nineteenth century an important cooperative movement was established in West Ham. ▪ Arteaga, 40, entered politics through her participation in government cultural foundations and agencies. ▪ She married, converted to a form of Buddhism and entered politics, forming a new party for the lower castes. ▪ By 1898, Adam Beck was well enough off to enter politics. ▪ He had never had any aspirations to enter politics. ▪ Many of its earlier leaders were lay preachers who entered politics in order to apply their religious ideals in practical ways. ▪ I know you have ambitions to enter politics. involve ▪ Power and conflict within organisations Introduction All organisations, whether in the public or the private sector, are involved in politics. ▪ At that time, church officials said Yakunin flouted a rule barring priests from being involved in politics. ▪ Most of them have never been involved in politics before, though all of them are Labour voters. ▪ How wonderful, I said to myself, that so many young and attractive people should be getting involved in politics. ▪ Many Hollywood denizens are businessmen who have been involved in politics for years. ▪ Political parties are dying because they refuse to get involved in politics, and then wonder why nobody else does. ▪ The fate of glagolitic became involved with the ecclesiastical politics of Dalmatia, where Byzantine and Latin religious influences overlapped. ▪ An elderly spinster, she had never been very involved in politics. play ▪ Bush chose to accuse his rivals of playing politics with the nation's strategic assets. ▪ Bob Woodward was a prima donna who played heavily at office politics. ▪ Customers in internet cafes are more interested in game-\\#playing than politics. ▪ He asks her to cover for him while he is playing office politics elsewhere. ▪ We have to welcome this money because Cleveland can't afford to play party politics when opportunities on this scale arise. ▪ Dole, to his credit, has repeatedly declined to play politics in the most sensitive diplomatic areas. ▪ Most important, the Sangh was the one force prepared to play the polarising politics of mass mobilisation for communal status. ▪ She was never so happy as when she was mingling with neighbors and playing politics. talk ▪ We do not, by unspoken consent, talk politics when we meet. ▪ They talked about Washington, politics, the upcoming election, Manhattan... ▪ But Svidrigailov ignores the question and starts talking about politics. ▪ Both talking politics and feeling relatively unrestricted about with whom one can safely discuss politics are closely related to educational attainment. ▪ And I was asked about my interests, and naturally I began to talk about politics. ▪ The frequency of talking politics rises sharply from the primary to the secondary to the university levels in all five countries. ▪ In the normal course of conversation I wouldn't talk about politics, I'd talk more about shagging. ▪ You would talk about politics and he would talk about devices. understand ▪ Who really understands the politics of the Middle East anyway? ▪ I understood his politics and ethics. ▪ References Power in organizations Introduction Organizations are political systems in which those who understand power and politics win. ▪ But if Lindblom is correct, understanding contemporary politics requires an understanding of its linkages with economics. ▪ I do not understand politics and power. ▪ This book assumes that understanding politics is extremely important. ▪ Like the Rensselaer researchers, Mr Schrage warns innovators that they need to understand company politics. ▪ But the crucial issue relevant to understanding politics concerns the extent to which individual personality and human nature cause political behavior. PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES be steeped in history/tradition/politics etc ▪ Both are clifftop courses that are steeped in history. ▪ The area is steeped in history. ▪ The Hotel has great character and is steeped in history. ▪ They brought with them a heritage and culture that is steeped in history and literature. brand of humour/politics/religion etc ▪ Bush was elected on the coat-tails of Ronald Reagan, who in turn worshipped Margaret Thatcher's brand of politics and economics. ▪ I was by no means immune from this brand of humour. ▪ Presenter, Jim Bowen, puts the contestants at ease with his own brand of humour. that's life/men/politics etc (for you) the (very) stuff of dreams/life/politics ▪ But such philosophical dissent, at this point, is the stuff of dreams in a dreamworld. ▪ How does a political system handle the incredibly difficult and complicated value allocations that are the stuff of politics? ▪ Our ideas and hopes for the future are the stuff of life. ▪ This was the stuff of life. ▪ Within this realm the stuff of dreams and nightmares can coalesce from the very air. EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES ▪ Politics doesn't interest me much. ▪ an important figure in the world of politics ▪ Brock's been involved in city politics since college. ▪ He made the decision to go into politics last year. ▪ I'm tired of dealing with all of the office politics. ▪ I don't agree with Michael's politics, but he's sure a nice guy. ▪ Maria is very interested in politics and current affairs. ▪ Most of the people questioned thought that unions should not get involved in party politics. ▪ She's been in politics for over twenty years. ▪ The University runs a course in American politics and government. ▪ Thomson has always been deeply involved in local politics. EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS ▪ But a lot of people are mature enough to separate the person from his politics. ▪ Comparative politics focuses on similarities and differences in political processes and structures. ▪ On the university level almost all respondents in each country follow politics. ▪ The doctor, whatever her politics and morals, had lovely skilful hands, which Phoebe could not but admire. ▪ The dominant figure in local Labour politics was Stephen McGonagle. ▪ This is a very wide claim and one which potentially includes questions concerning the relationships between women, power and politics. ▪ With presidential campaigning fully upon the nation, the appearance of costly hearings driven by politics will be difficult to avoid.
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