Tra từ state - Từ điển Oxford Advanced Learner 8th

state [state states stated stating] noun, adjective, verb BrE [steɪt] NAmE [steɪt]
noun

CONDITION OF SB/STH
1. countable the mental, emotional or physical condition that a person or thing is in
•a confused state of mind
• He was in a state of permanent depression.
• A report condemned the state of prisoners' cells.
•anxieties about the state of the country's economy
•The building is in a bad state of repair (= needs to be repaired).
•She was in a state of shock.
• (BrE, informal)Look at the state of you! You can't go out looking like that.
•You're not in a fit state to drive.

COUNTRY
2. (also State)countable a country considered as an organized political community controlled by one government
•the Baltic States
•European Union member states
see also ↑city state, ↑nation state, ↑police state, ↑welfare state

PART OF COUNTRY
3. (also State)countable (abbr.St.)an organized political community forming part of a country
•the states of Victoria and Western Australia
•the southern states of the US

GOVERNMENT
4. (also the State)uncountable, singular the government of a country
•matters/affairs of state
•people who are financially dependent on the state
•a state-owned company
• They wish to limit the power of the State.

OFFICIAL CEREMONY
5. uncountable the formal ceremonies connected with high levels of government or with kings and queens
• The president was driven in state through the streets.

THE US
6. the Statesplural (informal)the United States of America
•I've never been to the States.

Word Origin:
Middle English (as a noun): partly a shortening of ↑estate, partly from Latin status ‘manner of standing, condition’, from stare ‘to stand’. The current verb senses date from the mid 17th cent.

Thesaurus:
state noun
1. C
•There are concerns about the current state of the economy.
condition • • shape • • repair •
(a) good/poor/bad state/condition/(state of) repair/shape
sb/sth's financial/economic state/condition/shape
keep sth in (a) … state/condition/repair/shape
get (sth) into (a) … state/condition/shape
State or condition? Condition is mainly used to talk about the appearance or working order of sth; state is a more general word used to describe the quality sth has at a particular time.
2. C
•an independent sovereign state
nation • • country • • power • • superpower • |literary land •
a foreign state/country/nation/power/land
rule a state/country/nation/land
govern a state/country/nation
State, nation or country? You can use all these words to refer to a country as a political unit or to its government. Country and nation can also refer to an area where people live, its economy, culture, etc. Country is the only word which can be used to refer to a country as a geographical area
•a newly independent nation/country/state
• a wealthy nation/country
• a hot country
3. C
•The hurricane swept across the southern states of the US.
province • • county • • district • • region • • zone •
in a state/province/county/district/region/zone
a border/coastal state/province/county/district/region/zone
the northern/southern, etc. states/provinces/counties/districts/region/zone
State, county or province? Britain and Ireland are both divided in counties, but in Ireland these counties are organized into four large provinces. The US is divided into states, and nearly all these states are divided into counties. Canada is divided into provinces, but only some of these provinces are divided into counties.

Synonyms:
condition / state
The following adjectives are frequently used with these nouns:

State is a more general word than condition and is used for the condition that something is in at a particular time. It can be used without an adjective: ▪ the present state of medical knowledge ◇ ▪ We’re worried about his mental state. ◇ ▪ What a state this room is in ▪ (= very bad) ▪.
Condition is used with an adjective and refers especially to the appearance, quality or working order of somebody or something: ▪ The car is in excellent condition.

Which Word?:
country / state
Country is the most usual, neutral word for a geographical area that has or used to have its own government.
State emphasizes the political organization of an area under an independent government. Especially in BrE, it can also mean the government: ▪ the member states of the EU ◇ ▪ The state provides free education. In NAmE the state usually refers to one of the 50 states of the US, not to the government of the country as a whole.

Example Bank:
•A handful of states have introduced similar legislation.
•Babies can cry themselves into a state of frenzy.
•Both candidates have been campaigning in key battleground states.
•Charities are required to register with a state agency.
•Did you go to a state school or a private school?
•Every citizen could buy shares in privatized state property.
•George W. Bush won the state of Florida.
•Given the current state of knowledge, it will take years to find a solution.
•He goes into a trance-like state when he plays the guitar.
•He roamed throughout the state.
•He was shot for passing state secrets to foreign powers.
•He's concerned about his mother's state of health.
•He's not in a fit enough mental state to drive.
•His life seems to be in a constant state of chaos.
•I was a correctional officer out of Utah state prison.
•In 1949 China became a communist state.
•It can be a felony to transport wine across state lines.
•Jane was in a terrible state after losing her job.
•Most states require all drivers to carry a minimum level of insurance.
•New Jersey is a blue state.
•Public speaking can produce a state of mind akin to panic.
•She continues to live in a state of denial.
•She managed to get the company's finances into a healthy state.
•She slipped into a state of unconsciousness.
•She uses music to create a particular emotional state.
•She was selected to represent the state of Texas at the conference.
•Some prefer tax cuts to greater state spending on health and social services.
•Teachers in the state sector are asking for a 7% pay rise.
•The brothers' refusal to work together had brought about this sad state of affairs.
•The country is in a perpetual state of anarchy.
•The driver was just sitting there in a state of shock.
•The education system is still in a state of flux following the recent reform.
•The government has declared a state of emergency in the flooded regions.
•The house was in a poor state of repair when we bought it.
•The inspectors assess the physical state of schools and equipment.
•The legislation must work at both the federal and state levels.
•The president's wife is said to have a powerful hand in affairs of state.
•The soul continues to be reborn until it has reached a state of perfection.
•The state pension is barely enough to live on.
•The telephone network is still under state control.
•They created a modern nation state.
•Thirty states have passed similar legislation.
•This latest policy is an example of the nanny state gone mad.
•Visiting heads of state usually stay at the palace.
•We were shocked at the run-down state of the hospital.
•You can either varnish the wood or leave it in its natural state.
•a drug that produces altered states of consciousness
•a farm tucked into the far north-west corner of the state
•an advanced state of dehydration
•large-scale state intervention in industry
•member states of the European Union
•opposition to the Civil War in Kansas and the other border states
•red states for Republicans
•rogue states that shelter terrorists
•schools outside the state system
•the legitimate exercise of state power
•the separation of church and state
•unemployed people living on state benefit
•After the collapse of the Soviet Union, many new nation states were created.
•Delegates from a number of Arab states attended the meeting.
•His teeth were in an appalling state.
•How did the carpet get into that state?
•It has not yet been recognized as an independent sovereign state.
•Look at the state of this room!
•Many Third World countries are one-party states of one type or another.
•The Murray River is the boundary between the states of Victoria and New South Wales.
•The action was opposed by several UN member states.
•The business is in a pretty good financial state.
•The hurricane swept across the southern states of the US.
•There are serious concerns about the current state of the economy.
•We would prefer to keep the garden in its natural state.
•What kind of state are the roads in?
•a newly independent country/nation/state
•relations between the two countries/nations/states
Idioms: ↑in a state of grace ▪ ↑in into a state ▪ ↑state of affairs ▪ ↑state of play

adjective (also State)only before noun

GOVERNMENT
1. provided or controlled by the government of a country
•state education
•families dependent on state benefits (= in Britain, money given by the government to people who are poor)
•state secrets (= information that could be harmful to a country if it were discovered by an enemy)

OFFICIAL
2. connected with the leader of a country attending an official ceremony
•The Queen is on a state visit to Moscow.
•the state opening of Parliament
•the state apartments (= used for official ceremonies)

PART OF COUNTRY
3. connected with a particular state of a country, especially in the US
•a state prison/hospital/university, etc.
•state police/troopers
•a state tax

Word Origin:
Middle English (as a noun): partly a shortening of ↑estate, partly from Latin status ‘manner of standing, condition’, from stare ‘to stand’. The current verb senses date from the mid 17th cent.

Thesaurus:
state adj. only before noun
•The law only applies to schools within the state system.
public • • federal • • national •
Opp: private
state/public/federal/national authorities/funding/expenditure/investment
state/public/federal power/control/institutions/employees/funds
state/public education/hospitals/enterprise/ownership
the state/public sector

Example Bank:
•Do students from state schools get the same opportunities as children who are privately educated?
•Many local families are dependent on state benefits.
•The law applies only to schools within the state system.
•There needs to be an increase in the basic state pension.

verb
1. to formally write or say sth, especially in a careful and clear way
•~ sth He has already stated his intention to run for election.
• The facts are clearly stated in the report.
•There is no need to state the obvious (= to say sth that everyone already knows).
•~ how, what, etc… State clearly how many tickets you require.
•~ that… He stated categorically that he knew nothing about the deal.
•it is stated that… It was stated that standards at the hospital were dropping.
•sth is stated to be/have sth The contract was stated to be invalid.
2. usually passive ~ sth to fix or announce the details of sth, especially on a written document
•This is not one of their stated aims.
•You must arrive at the time stated.
•Do not exceed the stated dose (= of medicine).
Verb forms:

Word Origin:
Middle English (as a noun): partly a shortening of ↑estate, partly from Latin status ‘manner of standing, condition’, from stare ‘to stand’. The current verb senses date from the mid 17th cent.

Thesaurus:
state verb T
•He stated his intention to run for election.
declare • • announce • • express • • say • |formal proclaim • • pronounce • |especially journalism indicate •
state/declare/announce/express/say/proclaim/pronounce/indicate sth to sb
state/declare/announce/say/proclaim/pronounce/indicate that…
state/declare/announce/express/proclaim/indicate your intention to do sth

Synonyms:
declare
state • indicate • announce
These words all mean to say sth, usually firmly and clearly and often in public.
declare • (rather formal) to say sth officially or publicly; to state sth firmly and clearly: ▪ to declare war ◇ ▪ The painting was declared to be a forgery.
state • (rather formal) to formally write or say sth, especially in a careful and clear way: ▪ He has already stated his intention to run for election.
indicate • (rather formal) to state sth, sometimes in a way that is slightly indirect: ▪ During our meeting, he indicated his willingness to cooperate.
announce • to tell people officially about a decision or plans; to give information about sth in a public place, especially through a loudspeaker; to say sth in a loud and/or serious way: ▪ They haven't formally announced their engagement yet. ◇ ▪ Has our flight been announced yet?
declare or announce?
Declare is used more often for giving judgements; announce is used more often for giving facts: The painting was announced to be a forgery. ◇ They haven't formally declared their engagement yet.
to declare/state/indicate/announce that…
to declare/state sb/sth to be sth
to declare/state/indicate/announce your intention to do sth
to declare/state/announce sth formally/publicly/officially
to declare/state/announce sth firmly/confidently

Example Bank:
•‘Alcohol doesn't solve problems,’ she stated flatly.
•All the photographs in this book, unless otherwise stated, date from the 1950s.
•As previously stated, the phrase ‘value for money’ has an ambiguous meaning.
•As previously stated, the phrase has an ambiguous meaning.
•At the risk of stating the obvious, people who have not paid cannot be admitted.
•He stated his own views quite openly.
•I am merely stating the facts.
•Let me state at the outset that this report contains little that is new.
•Let me state for the record that my knowledge of wine is almost non-existent.
•Please state clearly how many tickets you require.
•She stated categorically that she had no intention of leaving.
•The committee failed to state their reasons for this decision.
•The demands are more easily stated than met.
•The report goes on to state that…
•These facts were nowhere explicitly stated.
•We cannot accept this proposal for the reasons stated above.
•Do not exceed the stated dose.
•There is no need to state the obvious.