Tra từ case - Từ điển Oxford Advanced Learner 8th

case [case cases cased casing] noun, verb BrE [keɪs] NAmE [keɪs]
noun

SITUATION
1. countable a particular situation or a situation of a particular type
• In some cases people have had to wait several weeks for an appointment.
• The company only dismisses its employees in cases of gross misconduct.
•It's a classic case (= a very typical case) of bad planning.
see also ↑worst-case
2. the casesingular ~ (that…) the true situation
• If that is the case (= if the situation described is true), we need more staff.
• It is simply not the case that prison conditions are improving.
3. countable, usually singular a situation that relates to a particular person or thing
• In your case, we are prepared to be lenient.
• I cannot make an exception in your case (= for you and not for others).
•Every application will be decided on a case-by-case basis (= each one will be considered separately).

POLICE INVESTIGATION
4. countable a matter that is being officially investigated, especially by the police
•a murder case
•a case of theft

IN COURT
5. countable a question to be decided in court
• The case will be heard next week.
•a court case
•to win/lose a case
• When does her case come before the court?
see also ↑test case

ARGUMENTS
6. countable, usually singular ~ (for/against sth) a set of facts or arguments that support one side in a trial, a discussion, etc
•the case for the defence/prosecution
• Our lawyer didn't think we had a case (= had enough good arguments to win in a court of law).
•the case for/against private education
• The report makes out a strong case (= gives good arguments) for spending more money on hospitals.
•You will each be given the chance to state your case.

CONTAINER
7. countable (often in compounds)a container or covering used to protect or store things; a container with its contents or the amount that it contains
•a pencil case
•a jewellery case
•a packing case (= a large wooden box for packing things in)
• The museum was full of stuffed animals in glass cases.
•a case (= 12 bottles) of champagne
see also ↑vanity case
8. countable = ↑suitcase
• Let me carry your case for you.

OF DISEASE
9. countable the fact of sb having a disease or an injury; a person suffering from a disease or an injury
•a severe case of typhoid
• The most serious cases were treated at the scene of the accident.

PERSON
10. countable a person who needs, or is thought to need, special treatment or attention
• He's a hopeless case.

GRAMMAR
11. countable, uncountable the form of a noun, an adjective or a pronoun in some languages, that shows its relationship to another word
•the nominative/accusative/genitive case
•Latin nouns have case, number and gender.
more at (a case of) dog eat dog at ↑dog _n., I rest my case at ↑rest _v.

Word Origin:
n. senses 1 to 6 and n. senses 9 to 11 Middle English Old French cas Latin casus ‘fall’ cadere ‘to fall’ Latin Greek ptōsis ‘fall’ n. senses 7 to 8 and v. late Middle English Old French casse chasse caisse ‘trunk, chest’ châsse ‘reliquary, frame’ Latin capsa capere ‘to hold’

Thesaurus:
case noun
1. C
•a classic case of bad planning
example • • instance • • illustration •
in a particular case/instance
a typical/classic case/example/instance/illustration
cite/take/highlight a/an case/example/instance
2. sing.
•It's simply not the case that conditions are improving.
so • • a fact • • the situation • • the truth • • the position • • the state of affairs •
3. C
•They never solved the Jones murder case.
investigation • • inquiry/enquiry • |journalism probe •
a murder case/investigation/inquiry
a/an police/official investigation/inquiry/probe
4. C
•The case will be heard next week.
suit • • lawsuit • • action • • proceedings • • prosecution • • litigation • • appeal • • trial • • hearing • • court martial •
(a) legal case/action/proceedings/appeal/hearing
bring (a/an) case/suit/lawsuit/action/proceedings/prosecution (against sb/sth)
win/lose a/an case/suit/lawsuit/action/appeal
5. C, usually sing.
•the case for/against private education
argument • • reason • • grounds • • basis • • need • • justification • |BrE defence • |AmE defense •
(a/an) case/argument/reason/grounds/basis/need/justification/defence for sth
a/an case/argument/reason/defence against sth
(a) strong/legal case/argument/reason/grounds/basis/need/justification/defence
put forward (a/an) case/argument/reason/grounds/justification/defence
6. C
•a pencil/packing case
crate • • container • • box •
a case/crate/box of sth
in a case/crate/container/box
fill a case/crate/box
7. C
•The most serious cases were treated first.
patient • • victim • • sufferer • • invalid • • the sick •
a chronic case/patient/sufferer/invalid
a/an AIDS/cancer case/patient/victim/sufferer
treat a case/patient/victim/sufferer/the sick

Collocations:
Crime
Committing a crime
commit a crime/a murder/a violent assault/a brutal killing/an armed robbery/fraud
be involved in terrorism/a suspected arson attack/people smuggling/human trafficking
engage/participate in criminal activity/illegal practices/acts of mindless vandalism
steal sb's wallet/purse/(BrE) mobile phone/(NAmE) cell phone
rob a bank/a person/a tourist
break into/ (BrE) burgle/ (NAmE) burglarize a house/a home/an apartment
hijack a plane/ship/bus
smuggle drugs/weapons/arms/immigrants
launder drug money (through sth)
forge documents/certificates/passports
take/accept/pay sb/offer (sb) a bribe
run a phishing/an email/an Internet scam
Fighting crime
combat/fight crime/terrorism/corruption/drug trafficking
prevent/stop credit-card fraud/child abuse/software piracy
deter/stop criminals/burglars/thieves/shoplifters/vandals
reduce/tackle/crack down on knife/gun/violent/street crime; (especially BrE) antisocial behaviour
foil a bank raid/a terrorist plot
help/support/protect the victims of crime
Investigating crime
report a crime/a theft/a rape/an attack/(especially BrE) an incident to the police
witness the crime/attack/murder/incident
investigate a murder/(especially NAmE) a homicide/a burglary/a robbery/the alleged incident
conduct/launch/pursue an investigation (into…); (especially BrE) a police/murder inquiry
investigate/reopen a criminal/murder case
examine/investigate/find fingerprints at the crime scene/the scene of crime
collect/gather forensic evidence
uncover new evidence/a fraud/a scam/a plot/a conspiracy/political corruption/a cache of weapons
describe/identify a suspect/the culprit/the perpetrator/the assailant/the attacker
question/interrogate a suspect/witness
solve/crack the case
more collocations at ↑justice

Language Bank:
e.g.
Giving examples
▪ The website has a variety of interactive exercises (e.g. ▪ matching games, crosswords and quizzes).
▪ The website has a variety of interactive exercises, including ▪ matching games, crosswords and quizzes.
▪ Web 2.0 technologies, such as ▪ wikis, blogs and social networking sites, have changed the way that people use the Internet.
▪ Many websites now allow users to contribute information. A good example of this is ▪ the ‘wiki’, a type of website that anyone can edit.
▪ Wikis vary in how open they are. For example ▪, some wikis allow anybody to edit content, while others only allow registered users to do this.
▪ Wikis vary in how open they are. Some wikis, for example ▪ / for instance ▪, allow anybody to edit content, while others only allow registered users to do this.
▪ More and more people read their news on the Internet. To take one example, ▪ over 14 million people now read the online version of ‘The Oxford Herald’.
▪ Online newspapers are now more popular than paper ones. ‘The Oxford Herald’ is a case in point ▪. Its print circulation has fallen in recent years, while its website attracts millions of users every month.
note at ↑example
Language Banks at ↑addition, ↑argue, ↑evidence, ↑illustrate

Synonyms:
example
case • instance • specimen • illustration
These are all words for a thing or situation that is typical of a particular group or set, and is sometimes used to support an argument.
example • something such as an object, a fact or a situation that shows, explains or supports what you say; a thing that is typical of or represents a particular group or set: ▪ Can you give me an example of what you mean?
case • a particular situation or a situation of a particular type; a situation that relates to a particular person or thing: ▪ In some cases people have had to wait several weeks for an appointment.
instance • (rather formal) a particular situation or a situation of a particular type: ▪ The report highlights a number of instances of injustice.
specimen • an example of sth, especially an animal or plant: ▪ The aquarium has some interesting specimens of unusual tropical fish.
illustration • (rather formal) a story, an event or an example that clearly shows the truth about sth: ▪ The statistics are a clear illustration of the point I am trying to make.
example or illustration?
An illustration is often used to show that sth is true. An example is used to help to explain sth.
a(n) example/case/instance/specimen/illustration of sth
in a particular case/instance
for example/instance

Synonyms:
situation
circumstances • position • conditions • things • the case • state of affairs
These are all words for the conditions and facts that are connected with and affect the way things are.
situation • all the things that are happening at a particular time and in a particular place: ▪ the present economic situation
circumstances • the facts that are connected with and affect a situation, an event or an action; the conditions of a person's life, especially the money they have: ▪ The ship sank in mysterious circumstances.
position • the situation that sb is in, especially when it affects what they can and cannot do: ▪ She felt she was in a position of power.
conditions • the circumstances in which people live, work or do things; the physical situation that affects how sth happens: ▪ We were forced to work outside in freezing conditions.
circumstances or conditions?
Circumstances refers to sb's financial situation; conditions are things such as the quality and amount of food or shelter they have. The circumstances that affect an event are the facts surrounding it; the conditions that affect it are usually physical ones, such as the weather.
things • (rather informal) the general situation, as it affects sb: ▪ Hi, Jane! ▪ How are things? ◇ ▪ Think things over before you decide.
the case • the true situation: ▪ If that is the case ▪ (= if the situation described is true) ▪, we need more staff.
state of affairs • a situation: ▪ How did this unhappy state of affairs come about?
situation or state of affairs?
State of affairs is mostly used with this. It is also used with adjectives describing how good or bad a situation is, such as happy, sorry, shocking, sad and unhappy, as well as those relating to time, such as present and current. Situation is much more frequent and is used in a wider variety of contexts.
in (a) particular situation/circumstances/position/state of affairs
the/sb's economic/financial/social situation/circumstances/position/conditions
(a/an) happy/unhappy situation/circumstances/position/state of affairs
to look at/review the situation/circumstances/conditions/things

Example Bank:
•A strong case exists for adopting a similar system in this country.
•About 25% of AIDS cases are linked with the sharing of needles.
•After the exams, the teacher gave all borderline cases a spoken test.
•As a lawyer he was involved in high-profile divorce cases.
•Carter was the senior case officer on the investigation.
•Complaints are dealt with on a case by case basis.
•Except in a few rare cases, bee stings are not dangerous.
•Four officers are investigating the case.
•He brought a case challenging the legality of the war.
•He brought the case to the Supreme Court.
•He had a bad case of appendicitis.
•He highlighted the case of Harry Farr, 25, who was executed for cowardice in 1916.
•He highlighted the case of Harry Farr, who was executed in 1916.
•He put the binoculars back in their carrying case.
•He was looking through some homicide case files.
•He was so clearly innocent, the case should never have gone to court.
•I agree with him, but don't you think he slightly overstates the case?
•I thought she argued her case very well.
•In Polish the verb ‘to be’ takes the instrumental case.
•In her case, she failed the exam because she wasn't well.
•Is there a case against wearing school uniforms?
•It remains the case that not enough graduates are going into teaching.
•It was a simple case of mistaken identity.
•Let's consider the case of a dealer trying to make a sale.
•Many professions feel they deserve higher pay, and nurses are a case in point.
•Medical students study the case histories of many patients.
•No lawyer would take his case.
•Our lawyer didn't think we had a case.
•She kept all her trophies in a display case.
•The Department of Health reported five human cases of bird flu.
•The case against her collapsed when a key witness was proved to have lied.
•The case against her was very weak.
•The case came before Judge Hales in the Crown Court.
•The case hinged on the evidence of the only witness to the killing.
•The case raises a number of issues.
•The case was settled out of court.
•The case was thrown out for lack of evidence.
•The case will be heard in a higher court.
•The committee has full powers to deal with any cases of malpractice that arise.
•The defendant requested more time to prepare his case.
•The disciplinary committee considered the merits of his case before fining him.
•The judge ruled that the defendant had no case to answer, as the evidence had been discredited.
•The jury are required to be unanimous in death-penalty cases.
•The local MP has taken up the case of the family of six who have been left homeless.
•The prosecution decided to drop the case.
•The room was full of stuffed animals in glass cases.
•The teacher must judge each case according to its merits.
•The union has taken up the case of the suspended worker.
•The victim decided to bring a case of rape against him.
•There have been documented cases of officials accepting bribes.
•There have been no confirmed cases of BSE in the US.
•There is a good prima facie case for believing what she says.
•They never solved the Jones murder case.
•This is a test case which will influence what other judges decide.
•This was the hardest case she had handled since becoming a lawyer.
•Two million new cases of hypertension are diagnosed each year.
•What evidence do you have to support your case?
•With his current superb form, he presents an unanswerable case for selection in the team.
•You can make out a case for changing our teaching methods.
•a case against wearing business attire
•a case of animal cruelty
•a case study of an Amazonian tribe
•a compensation case involving thousands of workers
•a gold watch in a presentation case
•a severe case of food poisoning
•cases alleging violations of international law
•the evidence in the case
•the notorious case of the Botley strangler
•He claims there has never been a case of food poisoning at his restaurant.
•He had contracted a severe case of pneumonia.
•I cannot make an exception in your case.
•I left my cases at the hotel and set off to meet him.
•In this case, we are prepared to be lenient.
•It's a classic case of bad planning.
•Over 500 000 cases of cholera were reported in 1991.
•Police believe it is a simple case of theft.
•She lost the case and was ordered to pay legal fees.
•She wanted to pack her case and leave immediately.
•Take the case of Henry Farr, 25, executed for cowardice in 1916.
•The book is about the notorious case of the Lindbergh kidnapping.
•The new evidence weakened the case for the defence.
•The report makes out a strong case for spending more money on hospitals.
•The winner will receive a case of champagne.
•They put their cases in the boot and drove off.
•a packing case
•the case for the defence/prosecution
Idioms: ↑as the case may be ▪ ↑case in point ▪ ↑case the joint ▪ ↑get off my case ▪ ↑in any case ▪ ↑in case ▪ ↑in case of something ▪ ↑in that case ▪ ↑on somebody's case ▪ ↑on the case

verb
Verb forms:

Word Origin:
n. senses 1 to 6 and n. senses 9 to 11 Middle English Old French cas Latin casus ‘fall’ cadere ‘to fall’ Latin Greek ptōsis ‘fall’ n. senses 7 to 8 and v. late Middle English Old French casse chasse caisse ‘trunk, chest’ châsse ‘reliquary, frame’ Latin capsa capere ‘to hold’