Tra từ stress - Từ điển Oxford Advanced Learner 8th

stress AW [stress stresses stressed stressing] noun, verb BrE [stres] NAmE [stres]
noun

MENTAL PRESSURE
1. uncountable, countable pressure or worry caused by the problems in sb's life
• Things can easily go wrong when people are under stress.
•to suffer from stress
•coping with stress
• She failed to withstand the stresses and strains of public life.
•stress-related illnesses
•emotional/mental stress
•Stress is often a factor in the development of long-term sickness.
•stress management (= dealing with stress)

PHYSICAL PRESSURE
2. uncountable, countable ~ (on sth) pressure put on sth that can damage it or make it lose its shape
• When you have an injury you start putting stress on other parts of your body.
•a stress fracture of the foot (= one caused by such pressure)

EMPHASIS
3. uncountable ~ (on sth) special importance given to sth
• She lays great stress on punctuality.
•I think the company places too much stress on cost and not enough on quality.

ON WORD/SYLLABLE
4. uncountable, countable (phonetics)an extra force used when pronouncing a particular word or syllable
• We worked on pronunciation, stress and intonation.
•primary/secondary stress
•In ‘strategic’ the stress falls on the second syllable
compare ↑intonation

IN MUSIC
5. uncountable, countable extra force used when making a particular sound in music

ILLNESS
6. uncountable illness caused by difficult physical conditions
• Those most vulnerable to heat stress are the elderly.

Word Origin:
Middle English (denoting hardship or force exerted on a person for the purpose of compulsion): shortening of ↑distress, or partly from Old French estresse ‘narrowness, oppression’, based on Latin strictus ‘drawn tight’, past participle of stringere ‘tighten, draw tight’.

Thesaurus:
stress noun
1. U, C, usually pl.
•the stresses and strains of public life
pressure • • strain • • tension • • demands •
be under stress/pressure/strain
cope with the stress/pressure/strain/tension/demands
release/relieve the stress/pressure/strain/tension
suffer from stress/tension
Pressure or stress? It is common to say that sb is suffering from stress; pressure may be the thing that causes stress.
2. U, C
•An injury can put stress on other parts of the body.
strain • • pressure • • weight • • load •
under the stress/strain/pressure/weight/load
considerable/enormous/great/immense stress/strain/pressure/weight
put stress/strain/pressure/weight on sth
Stress, pressure or strain? Pressure can be heavy, firm, gentle or light. Both strain and stress usually suggest that there is too much pressure.

Collocations:
Diet and exercise
Weight
put on/gain/lose weight/a few kilos/a few pounds
watch/control/struggle with your weight
be/become seriously overweight/underweight
be/become clinically/morbidly obese
achieve/facilitate/promote/stimulate weight loss
slim down to 70 kilos/(BrE) 11 stone/(especially NAmE) 160 pounds
combat/prevent/tackle/treat obesity
develop/have/suffer from/struggle with/recover from anorexia/bulimia/an eating disorder
be on/go on/follow a crash/strict diet
have/suffer from a negative/poor body image
have/develop a positive/healthy body image
Healthy eating
eat a balanced diet/healthily/sensibly
get/provide/receive adequate/proper nutrition
contain/get/provide essential nutrients/vitamins/minerals
be high/low in calories/fat/fibre/(especially US) fiber/protein/vitamin D/Omega-3 fatty acids
contain (no)/use/be full of/be free from additives/chemical preservatives/artificial sweeteners
avoid/cut down on/cut out alcohol/caffeine/fatty foods
stop/give up/ (especially NAmE) quit smoking
Exercise
(BrE) take regular exercise
do moderate/strenuous/vigorous exercise
play football/hockey/tennis
go cycling/jogging/running
go to/visit/ (especially NAmE) hit/work out at the gym
strengthen/tone/train your stomach muscles
contract/relax/stretch/use/work your lower-body muscles
build (up)/gain muscle
improve/increase your stamina/energy levels/physical fitness
burn/consume/expend calories
Staying healthy
be/get/keep/stay healthy/in shape/(especially BrE) fit
lower your cholesterol/blood pressure
boost/stimulate/strengthen your immune system
prevent/reduce the risk of heart disease/high blood pressure/diabetes/osteoporosis
reduce/relieve/manage/combat stress
enhance/promote relaxation/physical and mental well-being

Synonyms:
pressure
stress • tension • strain
These are all words for the feelings of anxiety caused by the problems in sb's life.
pressure • difficulties and feelings of anxiety that are caused by the need to achieve sth or to behave in a particular way: ▪ She was unable to attend because of the pressures of work.
stress • pressure or anxiety caused by the problems in sb's life: ▪ stress-related illnesses
pressure or stress?
It is common to say that sb is suffering from stress, while pressure may be the thing that causes stress.
tension • a feeling of anxiety and stress that makes it impossible to relax: ▪ nervous tension
strain • pressure on sb/sth because they have too much to do or manage; the problems, worry or anxiety that this produces: ▪ I found it a strain looking after four children.
to be under pressure/stress/strain
considerable pressure/stress/tension/strain
to cause stress/tension/strain
to cope with the pressure/stress/tension/strain
to relieve/release the pressure/stress/tension/strain
to be suffering from stress/tension

Example Bank:
•An overcrowded workplace can be a major source of stress.
•Avoid exercise that puts undue stress on the knees.
•Cycling puts very little stress on the joints.
•Different organisms react differently to environmental stress.
•Engineers calculated the stresses borne by each of the bridge supports.
•He broke under stress and had to leave.
•He has suffered post-traumatic stress since the crash.
•He was diagnosed with a stress fracture in his right foot.
•He's been under a lot of stress lately.
•He's had to give up his job as leader of the project— he just couldn't take the stress.
•I must lay great stress on the need for secrecy.
•Italian words usually have the main stress on the penultimate syllable in the word.
•Many workers experience a high level of stress in their daily life.
•Mark the primary stress in each word.
•Physical exercise is a great stress reliever.
•Separation is a time of high emotional stress.
•Some woods warp under stress.
•Staff are encouraged to go on stress management courses.
•Standing all day puts stress on your feet.
•Stress is applied to the wood to make it bend.
•The buttresses are subjected to constant stress.
•The first syllable takes the stress.
•The high mortgage payments put them under severe financial stress.
•The majority of sports injuries are due to excessive mechanical stress on joints, ligaments and muscles.
•The movements set up stresses in the earth's crust.
•The program helps workers with work-related and family stress.
•The release of the stress hormone cortisol is part of the human stress response.
•The tower exerts an enormous stress on the walls.
•There are many things an employer can do to ease employees' stress.
•There is equal stress on all parts of the structure.
•There's a stress on the second syllable.
•There's been a lot of stress on getting drug sellers off the streets.
•Tiredness is one of the most common symptoms of stress.
•Where does the stress fall in ‘psychological’?
•a study of child development, with the stress on acquisition of social skills
•an illness brought on by stress
•compensation claims for undue stress in the workplace
•high stress levels
•the daily stress of teaching
•treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder
•a stress fracture of the foot
•emotional/mental stress
•stress-related illnesses

verb

EMPHASIZE
1. transitive to emphasize a fact, an idea, etc
•~ sth He stressed the importance of a good education.
•~ that… I must stress that everything I've told you is strictly confidential.
•+ speech ‘There is,’ Johnson stressed, ‘no real alternative.’
•it is stressed that… It must be stressed that this disease is very rare.
•~ how, what, etc… I cannot stress too much how important this is.

WORD/SYLLABLE
2. transitive ~ sth to give extra force to a word or syllable when saying it
• You stress the first syllable in ‘happiness’.
3. intransitive, transitive to become or make sb become too anxious or tired to be able to relax
•~ out I try not to stress out when things go wrong.
•~ sb (out) Driving in cities really stresses me (out).
Verb forms:

Word Origin:
Middle English (denoting hardship or force exerted on a person for the purpose of compulsion): shortening of ↑distress, or partly from Old French estresse ‘narrowness, oppression’, based on Latin strictus ‘drawn tight’, past participle of stringere ‘tighten, draw tight’.

Thesaurus:
stress verb T
•She stressed the importance of exercise.
emphasize • • underline • • highlight • • point sth out • |especially AmE, especially business underscore •
stress/emphasize/underline/highlight/point out how…
stress/emphasize/underline/point out that…
stress/emphasize/underline/highlight/point out/underscore the fact that…
stress/emphasize/underline/underscore the importance/extent/necessity of sth
Stress or emphasize? Emphasize is slightly more formal, used more in written and academic English, especially when the subject is not human (The report emphasizes…. Stress is used more in spoken English and journalism, especially when the subject is human (I must stress…).

Synonyms:
stress
emphasize
These words both mean to give extra force to a syllable, word or phrase when you are saying it.
stress • to give extra force to a word or syllable when saying it: ▪ You stress the first syllable in ‘happiness’.
emphasize • to give extra force to a word or phrase when saying it, especially to show that it is important: ▪ ‘Let nothing … nothing,’ he emphasized the word, ‘tempt you.’

Example Bank:
•Doctors have rightly stressed the importance of exercise.
•He stressed the point very strongly that all these services cost money.
•I can't stress enough that security is of the highest importance.
•I must stress that we still know very little about this disease.
•It is worth stressing that this was only a relatively small survey.
•Private schools tend to stress the more academic subjects.
•She has constantly stressed the government's poor record in this area.
•She is at pains to stress the cultural differences between the two countries.
•I must stress that everything I've told you is strictly confidential.
•I want to stress how important this work is.
•Observers stressed the necessity for the ceasefire to be observed.
•She stressed the importance of a good education.
•She stressed the need for cooperation with the authorities.