Tra từ demand - Từ điển Oxford Advanced Learner 8th

de·mand [demand demands demanded demanding] noun, verb BrE [dɪˈmɑːnd] NAmE [dɪˈmænd]
noun
1. countable ~ (for sth/that…) a very firm request for sth; sth that sb needs
•a demand for higher pay
•demands that the law on gun ownership should be changed
•firms attempting to meet/satisfy their customers' demands (= to give them what they are asking for)
2. demandsplural ~ (of sth) | ~ (on sb) things that sb/sth makes you do, especially things that are difficult, make you tired, worried, etc
•the demands of children/work
• Flying makes enormous demands on pilots.
• She shouldn't always give in to his demands.
3. uncountable, countable ~ (for sth/sb) the desire or need of customers for goods or services which they want to buy or use
•to meet the demand for a product
• There's an increased demand for organic produce these days.
• Demand is exceeding supply.
see also ↑supply and demand

Word Origin:
Middle English (as a noun): from Old French demande (noun), demander (verb), from Latin demandare ‘hand over, entrust’ (in medieval Latin ‘demand’), from de- ‘formally’ + mandare ‘to order’.

Thesaurus:
demand noun
1. C
•a demand for higher pay
request • • call • • claim • • order •
a/an demand/request/call/claim/order for sth
on demand/request/order
a demand/request that…
make/withdraw a/an demand/request/claim
refuse/reject a/an demand/request/call/claim
2. demands pl.
•the demands of children/work
pressure • • stress • • strain • |especially journalism heat •
demands/pressure/stress/heat on sb
social/economic/financial demands/pressure/stress
cope with the demands/pressure/stress/strain
3. U, sing. (especially business)
•an increased demand for organic food
(no) call for sth • |business market • • a run on sth •
demand/(no) call/a market for sth
(a) potential/growing/buoyant/steady/changing/falling demand/market
(the) consumer/domestic/local/export/foreign/worldwide demand/market
create a demand/market
stimulate/boost/increase demand/the market
Demand or market? Market is a more specialist business term. People talk about the housing/labour market but they talk about demand for housing/labour. When a business has trouble producing enough goods because so many people want them, people talk about demand rather than the market:
•We're struggling to meet the demand.
✗ We're struggling to meet the market.

Collocations:
The economy
Managing the economy
handle/run/manage the economy
boost investment/spending/employment/growth
stimulate demand/the economy/industry
cut/reduce investment/spending/borrowing
reduce/curb/control/keep down inflation
create/fuel growth/demand/a boom/a bubble
encourage/foster/promote/stimulate/stifle innovation/competition
encourage/work with/compete with the private sector
increase/boost/promote US/agricultural exports
ban/restrict/block cheap/foreign imports
the economy grows/expands/shrinks/contracts/slows (down)/recovers/improves/is booming
enjoy an economic/housing/property boom
Economic problems
push up/drive up prices/costs/inflation
damage/hurt/destroy industry/the economy
cause/lead to/go into/avoid/escape recession
experience/suffer a recession/downturn
fight/combat inflation/deflation/unemployment
cause/create inflation/poverty/unemployment
create/burst a housing/stock market bubble
cause/trigger a stock market crash/the collapse of the banking system
face/be plunged into a financial/an economic crisis
be caught in/experience cycles of boom and bust
Public finance
cut/reduce/slash/increase/double the defence/(especially US) defense/education/aid budget
increase/boost/slash/cut public spending
increase/put up/raise/cut/lower/reduce taxes
raise/cut/lower/reduce interest rates
ease/loosen/tighten monetary policy
balance the (state/federal) budget
achieve/maintain a balanced budget
run a ($4 trillion) budget deficit/surplus
more collocations at ↑politics, ↑voting

Example Bank:
•A ransom demand has been made for the kidnapped racehorse.
•As demand slows, the need to export will return.
•Campaigners have stepped up their demands for immediate government action.
•Campaigners insist that abortion should be available on demand.
•Demand for personal computers has risen sharply.
•Demand for the product is buoyant.
•Demands have been made for the immediate distribution of food to the refugees.
•How do they cope with the conflicting demands of work and family life?
•I think the demands of this job are excessive.
•I think your demand for a higher salary is perfectly reasonable.
•In the housing market, demand is outstripping supply.
•It can be difficult to forecast demand in the construction industry.
•It is the job of the marketing manager to create demand for the new product.
•Juggling the daily demands of career and family is rewarding, but never easy.
•Life is hard for nurses on children's wards, where the emotional demands can be overwhelming.
•Low interest rates are fuelling/fueling demand for credit.
•My elderly parents make a lot of demands on me.
•My government cannot give in to the demands of an illegal organization.
•My work seems to make more and more demands on my time.
•She is in constant demand to make public appearances and give interviews.
•Supply normally exceeds demand for the bulk of consumer goods.
•Teacher training has to evolve to meet the changing demands of the profession.
•The emotional demands of the job can be overwhelming.
•The factories are staying open all weekend to try to meet the consumer demand for this product.
•The factories are staying open to meet the consumer demand for this product.
•The management had no intention of meeting union demands.
•The person who cannot say ‘no’ to others' requests is likely to be overwhelmed by external demands.
•The reporter refused their demand that he reveal his sources.
•The slowdown in domestic demand was offset by an increase in exports.
•There have been new demands for the government to take action to reduce crime.
•There's always a great demand for our soups in winter.
•These old machines are still in demand.
•This section of the population makes a high demand on health care resources.
•We can estimate that total market demand for electrical goods will rise by 8%.
•We must prepare children to respond to the demands of work.
•a high level of demand
•coping with the conflicting demands of work and family life
•demands from the opposition for a recount of the votes
•increased demand for health products
•policies aimed at managing demand
•the day-to-day demands of the job
•the demand from consumers
•the law of supply and demand
•the need for scientific research freed from the immediate demands of industry
•the potential demand among children
•Every now and then there are demands that the law on gun ownership should be changed.
•Our firm is constantly striving to satisfy customers' demands.
•Their demand for higher pay was ignored.
•There's an increased demand for organic produce these days.
•We are struggling to meet the demand for the product.
Idioms: ↑by popular demand ▪ ↑in demand ▪ ↑on demand

verb
1. to ask for sth very firmly
•~ sth She demanded an immediate explanation.
•~ that… The UN has demanded that all troops be withdrawn.
• (BrE also)They are demanding that all troops should be withdrawn.
•~ to do sth I demand to see the manager.
•+ speech ‘Who the hell are you?’ he demanded angrily.
2. ~ sth to need sth in order to be done successfully
• This sport demands both speed and strength.
Verb forms:

Word Origin:
Middle English (as a noun): from Old French demande (noun), demander (verb), from Latin demandare ‘hand over, entrust’ (in medieval Latin ‘demand’), from de- ‘formally’ + mandare ‘to order’.

Thesaurus:
demand verb
1. T
•She demanded an explanation.
ask • • expect • • insist • • call for sth • • claim • • press (sb) for sth • • hold out for sth • |formal require • • request • • exact • |BrE clamour • |AmE clamor •
demand/ask/expect/call for/claim/require/request/exact sth from sb
demand/ask/expect/require/request sth of sb
demand/ask/expect/insist/require/request that…
demand/ask/expect a lot/too much/a great deal
Demand, ask or expect? Ask is not as strong as demand or expect, both of which can be more like a command.
2. T, I
•‘What's your name?’ he demanded.
ask • |formal enquire/inquire •
demand/ask/enquire sth of sb
ask/enquire about/after sb/sth
demand/ask/enquire what/who/how…, etc.

Synonyms:
ask
enquire • demand
These words all mean to say or write sth in the form of a question, in order to get information.
ask • to say or write sth in the form of a question, in order to get information: ▪ ‘Where are you going?’ she asked. ◇ ▪ She asked the students their names. ◇ ▪ Can I ▪ ask a question ▪?
enquire/inquire • (rather formal) to ask sb for information: ▪ I called the station to enquire about train times.
demand • to ask a question very firmly: ▪ ‘And where have you been?’ he demanded angrily.
to ask/enquire about/after sb/sth
to ask/enquire/demand sth of sb
to ask/enquire/demand what/who/how, etc.
to ask/enquire politely
to ask/enquire/demand angrily

Synonyms:
demand
require • expect • insist • ask
These words all mean to say that sb should do or have sth.
demand • to ask for sth very firmly; to say very firmly that sb should have or do sth: ▪ She demanded an immediate explanation.
require • [often passive] (rather formal) to make sb do or have sth, especially because it is necessary according to a law or set of rules or standards: ▪ All candidates will be required to take a short test.
expect • to demand that sb should do, have or be sth, especially because it is their duty or responsibility: ▪ I expect to be paid promptly for the work.
insist • to demand that sth happens or that sb agrees to do sth: ▪ I didn't want to go but he insisted. ◇ ▪ We ▪ insist on ▪ the highest standards at all times.
ask • to expect or demand sth: ▪ You're asking too much of him.
demand, expect or ask?
Ask is not as strong as demand or expect, both of which can be more like a command.
to demand/require/expect/ask sth of/from sb
to demand/require/expect/insist/ask that…
to require/expect/ask sb to do sth
to demand/require/expect/ask a lot/too much/a great deal
to be too much to expect/ask

Example Bank:
•‘Where are the keys?’ she demanded angrily.
•He had demanded money from her.
•They failed to provide the information demanded of them.
•‘And where have you been?’ he demanded angrily.
•‘What's your name?’ she demanded of the girl.
•High personal standards are demanded of all applicants.
•The group demands a high level of loyalty from its members.
•They demanded to see the ambassador.
•They're demanding a better deal for themselves and their families.
•This demands commitment/skill/courage/mental effort/maturity/respect/honesty.