Tra từ trial - Từ điển Oxford Learners Wordfinder Dictionary

1 different kinds of trials and courts
2 parts of courts and people in courts
3 what happens in a trial
see also LAW, CRIME, PRISON, PUNISH

1 different kinds of trials and courts
- a formal process in which people decide if sb has broken a law: trial (noun C/U)
He was on trial for murder.
- something that has to be decided in a trial: case
a court case ◎ They threatened to take the case to court.
- a case that is about a crime is a criminal case; a case that is about the rights of ordinary people, for example property rights, divorce, etc, is a civil case
- a place where trials take place to decide if sb has broken a law: court (noun C/U), law court
The judge ordered everyone in the court to be silent. ◎ I'm due to appear in court on Wednesday.
- a court used for serious civil cases: the High Court
- a court used for serious crimes: crown court
- a court used for less serious crimes: magistrates' court
- the highest court in some countries: the Supreme Court
- a special court used for particular types of case: tribunal
an industrial tribunal
- a court that you can go to when you want to prove that the decision of another court was wrong: court of appeal, appeal court

2 parts of courts and people in courts
- the people in a court: the court
He told the court that he was sorry for what he had done.
- a person who controls things in a court and decides what punishment to give to sb who is guilty of a crime: judge
- a judge who deals with less serious crimes: magistrate (AmE also attorney)
- a person who has studied law and whose job is to give advice about the law: lawyer
- a lawyer (in Britain) who gives legal advice, prepares documents and usually speaks in less serious court cases: solicitor
- a lawyer (in Britain) who usually speaks in more serious court cases: barrister
- a person who is said to have broken a law: defendant, the accused (plural the accused)
The accused was brought into the court by two policemen.
- the part of the court where the accused sits or stands: the dock
The prisoner stood in the dock.
- a person who appears in a trial to say what he/she has seen, heard or knows about a crime: witness
- the part of a court where witnesses stand or sit: the witness box (AmE witness stand)
- a group of people who listen to the facts about a crime and decide if sb is guilty or not: jury
The jury took only one hour to reach their decision. ◎ trial by jury
- a member of a jury: juror; the chief member of a jury: foreman/woman (of the jury)
- the part of a court where the jury sits: the jury box

3 what happens in a trial
※ before the trial
- a person who is thought to have done sth wrong: suspect
Following the shooting, the police have arrested two suspects.
- to say that sb has done sth against the law: accuse sb (of sth)
- when the police accuse sb officially of doing sth against the law, they charge sb (with sth); noun: charge
to be charged with murder ◎ He was arrested on a charge of theft. ◎ What are the charges against me?
- an order to go to a court to be at a trial: summons; verb: summons sb
They've served a summons on me to appear in court next Friday. ◎ He was summonsed for speeding.
- to pay money to the court so that sb can be free until the start of a trial: bail sb out; the money that you pay: bail (noun U)
Fortunately, John's already been bailed out by his lawyer. ◎ Bail was set at fifty thousand pounds. ◎ Thirteen of the fans were freed on bail.
※ going to court
- to say that sb committed a crime and try to prove it in a court: prosecute sb (for sth), put* sb on trial (for sth); noun (C/U): prosecution
to be prosecuted for dangerous driving ◎ The ex-minister was put on trial for taking bribes. ◎ He was threatened with prosecution if he didn't pay his council tax.
- if a case is dealt with in court, it goes*/comes* to court
If the case does go to court, it won't be heard until next year at the earliest. ◎ The case will never come to court.
- to examine sb in a court to find out if they are guilty of a crime or not: try sb (for sth); a person who is being tried is on trial (for sth)
She was tried for shooting a policeman. ◎ Frank is on trial for burglary.
- to listen to evidence and reach a decision in a trial: hear* a case, conduct a trial
Their case will be heard tomorrow afternoon. ◎ The trial was conducted before a special tribunal.
- to say at the beginning of a trial that you did a crime or did not do a crime: (formal) plead (guilty/not guilty); noun: plea
The judge turned to the prisoner and asked: 'How do you plead to the charges against you?' ◎ They all decided to plead guilty. ◎ a plea of guilty/not guilty
※ the two sides in a trial
- the person or group of people who prosecute sb (= try to show that they committed the crime): the prosecution
The prosecution claimed that Jenkins had fired the gun deliberately.
- to speak for sb who is accused of a crime: defend (sb)
She was being defended by one of the top lawyers in the country.
- a person or group of people who defend a person in court: the defence (AmE defense)
The defence asked for more time to prepare its case. ◎ a defence lawyer
- an argument that is used to defend sb in court: defence (AmE defense)
His defence was that the gun went off by accident.
- a set of arguments that are used to accuse/defend sb in court: the prosecution/defence case, the case for the prosecution/defence
What are the main points of the defence case?
- to ask sb a lot of questions to find out the truth: question sb, cross-examine sb; noun (C/U): cross-examination
The witness was cross-examined for three hours by the defence.
- to describe in a few words the main points of an argument: sum (sth) up
Mr Laughton summed up for the prosecution.
- to show that sth is true: prove sth; a piece of information that shows that sth is true: proof
They weren't able to prove that he had been in the area at the time. ◎ I think he did it but do we have any proof ?
※ the witnesses
- to have promised the court to tell the truth: be on/under oath
The judge reminded the witness that he was under oath and that he must tell the whole truth.
- something that you say or show in court to make people believe your explanation of how sth happened: evidence (noun U)
Pictures taken by a security camera were shown as evidence that she was in the shop at the time of the robbery. ◎ The evidence against him was overwhelming. ◎ an important piece of evidence
- to say in court what you know or what you have seen or heard about a crime, etc: give* evidence, testify (that ※¦)
The witness testified that she had seen the accused running away from the bank just after the robbery.
- a statement by sb that they were in another place at the time of a crime and so could not have done it: alibi
All the suspects had perfect alibis.
※ the result of a trial
- a speech in which a judge sums up what has been said in a trial: summing-up
The judge began his summing-up.
- to decide that sb has broken a law: find* sb guilty (of sth), convict sb (of sth); an act of convicting sb: conviction
He was found guilty of murder. ◎ She was convicted of kidnapping the child. ◎ He had three previous convictions for violence.
- to decide that sb has not broken the law: find* sb not guilty, clear sb (of sth), (formal) acquit sb (of sth); an act of acquitting sb of sth: acquittal
All the defendants were found not guilty. ◎ She was cleared of the murder of her husband.
- if sb has not done sth that is wrong or illegal, they are innocent
The accused had always said he was innocent.
※ the decision of the court
- the decision at the end of a trial: verdict
The jury returned a unanimous verdict of 'not guilty'.
- a punishment given by a judge: sentence
a prison sentence
- to say what punishment a person is to have: sentence sb (to sth), pass sentence (on sb)
He was found guilty and sentenced to three months in prison.
- to make sb go to prison as a punishment: send* sb to prison
- an amount of money that you have to pay for breaking a law: fine; to make sb pay a fine: fine sb (for sth)
He was fined one thousand pounds for not paying his television licence.
- to ask a court to change a verdict against you: appeal (to sb) (against sth); noun: appeal
He appealed to the high court against his conviction. ◎ She was given twenty days to make an appeal.
- a decision, etc that is fair is just; fair behaviour or treatment in a court: justice (noun U)
a just punishment ◎ Justice was finally done when the killer was sent to prison for life.
- a decision, etc that is unfair is unjust; an unfair decision, or unfair behaviour or treatment: injustice (noun C/U)
an unjust sentence ◎ People thought that his short prison sentence was a great injustice. ◎ Amnesty International fights against injustice all over the world.
※ MORE ...
- to go to a court and ask for money from sb because they have done sth bad to you or said sth bad about you: sue (sb) (for sth), take* sb to court (for sth)
If the work is left unfinished, we'll sue the builders. ◎ I took the garage to court for the damage they had done to my car.
- money that you can claim from sb if they hurt you or damage your property: damages (noun plural)
- an amount of money that a court decides to give to sb: award; to decide that sb must be given an award: award sth (to sb)
June was awarded one hundred thousand pounds in compensation for her loss of earnings.
- money that you have to pay for the cost of a trial: costs (noun plural)
a ※£250 fine and ※£100 costs
- help that you can get from the government to pay your costs: legal aid (noun U)
- a military court or a trial that takes place in a military court: court-martial; verb: court-martial
He was court-martialled for desertion.