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- , commercial at 0101 65 0x41 a 0102 66 0x42 b 0103 67 0x43 c 0104 68 0x44 d 0105 69 0x45 e 0106 70 0x46 f 0107 71 0x47 g 0110 72 0x48 h 0111 73 0x49 i 0112 74 0x4a j 0113 75 0x4b k 0114 76 0x4c l 0115 77 0x4d m 0116 78 0x4e n 0117 79 0x4f o 0120 80 0x50 p 0121 81 0x51 q 0122 82 0x52 r 0123 83 0x53 s 0124 84 0x54 t 0125 85 0x55 u 0126 86 0x56 v 0127 87 0x57 w 0130 88 0x58 x 0131 89 0x59 y 0132 90 0x5a z 0133 91 0x5b [, open square bracket 0134 92 0x5c \, backslash 0135 93 0x5d ], close square bracket 0136 94 0x5e ^, caret 0137 95 0x5f _, underscore 0140 96 0x60 `, back quote 0141 97 0x61 a 0142 98 0x62 b 0143 99 0x63 c 0144 100 0x64 d 0145 101 0x65 e 0146 102 0x66 f 0147 103 0x67 g 0150 104 0x68 h 0151 105 0x69 i 0152 106 0x6a j 0153 107 0x6b k 0154 108 0x6c l 0155 109 0x6d m 0156 110 0x6e n 0157 111 0x6f o 0160 112 0x70 p 0161 113 0x71 q 0162 114 0x72 r 0163 115 0x73 s 0164 116 0x74 t 0165 117 0x75 u 0166 118 0x76 v 0167 119 0x77 w 0170 120 0x78 x 0171 121 0x79 y 0172 122 0x7a z 0173 123 0x7b {, open curly bracket 0174 124 0x7c |, vertical bar 0175 125 0x7d }, close curly bracket 0176 126 0x7e ~, tilde 0177 127 0x7f delete see nul, soh, stx, etx, etx, eot, enq, ack, bel, bs, ht, line feed, vt, ff, cr, so, si, dle, xon, dc1, dc2, dc3, dc4, nak, syn, etb, can, em, sub, esc, fs, gs, rs, us, space, exclamation mark, double quote, hash, dollar, percent, ampersand, quote, open parenthesis, close parenthesis, asterisk, plus, comma, minus, full stop, oblique stroke, colon, semicolon, less than, equals, greater than, question mark, commercial at, open square bracket, backslash, close square bracket, caret, underscore, back quote, open curly bracket, vertical bar, close curly bracket, tilde, delete. last updated: 1996-06-24
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Từ điển Máy Tính - Foldoc Dictionary
message passing
message passing One of the two techniques for communicating between parallel processes (the other being shared memory). A common use of message passing is for communication in a parallel computer. A process running on one processor may send a message to a process running on the same processor or another. The actual transmission of the message is usually handled by the run-time support of the language in which the processes are written, or by the operating system. Message passing scales better than shared memory, which is generally used in computers with relatively few processors. This is because the total communications bandwidth usually increases with the number of processors. A message passing system provides primitives for sending and receiving messages. These primitives may by either synchronous or asynchronous or both. A synchronous send will not complete (will not allow the sender to proceed) until the receiving process has received the message. This allows the sender to know whether the message was received successfully or not (like when you speak to someone on the telephone). An asynchronous send simply queues the message for transmission without waiting for it to be received (like posting a letter). A synchronous receive primitive will wait until there is a message to read whereas an asynchronous receive will return immediately, either with a message or to say that no message has arrived. Messages may be sent to a named process or to a named mailbox which may be readable by one or many processes. Transmission involves determining the location of the recipient and then choosing a route to reach that location. The message may be transmitted in one go or may be split into packets which are transmitted independently (e.g. using wormhole routing) and reassembled at the receiver. The message passing system must ensure that sufficient memory is available to buffer the message at its destination and at intermediate nodes. Messages may be typed or untyped at the programming language level. They may have a priority, allowing the receiver to read the highest priority messages first. Some message passing computers are the MIT J-Machine, the Illinois Concert Project and transputer-based systems. Object-oriented programming uses message passing between objects as a metaphor for procedure call. Last updated: 1994-11-11
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