Tra từ sanction - Từ điển LongMan Dictionary

I. noun
COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES
economic sanctions (=laws that stop trade with another country, as a way of forcing its leaders to make political changes)
▪ The UN threatened economic sanctions against the regime.
enforce sanctions
▪ The EU has threatened to enforce sanctions by blockading the port.
lift a restriction/an embargo/sanctions etc
▪ The government plans to lift its ban on cigar imports.
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
ADJECTIVE
criminal
▪ To these criminal sanctions against directors, section 242A adds civil penalties, against the company.
▪ The third bill treats unsolicited e-mail like unsolicited faxes and subjects the sender to potential criminal sanction.
▪ If these provisions are not adhered to, ensuing contracts may be unenforceable and criminal sanctions may follow.
▪ Male homosexual relations are still much more heavily restricted by criminal sanction.
▪ The threat of criminal sanction hangs over those who refute the constable's perception of events.
▪ To maintain criminal sanctions for a plant that is arguably safer than alcohol puts children at risk.
economic
▪ But what enables a state to resist the effects of economic sanctions?
▪ Finally, the courts have ruled that school boards can impose economic sanctions on teachers who go on strike.
▪ Unfortunately, never in contemporary history have economic sanctions felled a regime, no matter how weak.
▪ They were criticised for a cavalier approach to company expenses and for contravening the government's economic sanctions against Rhodesia.
▪ The move towards economic sanctions is necessary, unfortunately, but sanctions will take a very long time to work.
effective
▪ There is then no effective sanction against illegal tapping.
▪ The degree of mobility in modern economies generally precludes local communities from exerting effective sanctions on anything.
formal
▪ Like informal sanctions, formal sanctions may be positive or negative.
▪ These range from, market forces eg. the desire to maintain an unblemished reputation, to formal sanctions eg prosecution at law.
▪ Control of the beat officer through formal organizational sanctions had both negative and positive attributes.
▪ Government control depends on bargaining, rather than on formal sanctions that are generally ineffective.
▪ And yet those same acts today escape formal sanction.
international
▪ However, they called for the maintenance of international sanctions until a new political dispensation was in place.
▪ Harrassment of ethnic or religious minorities would result in various international sanctions.
▪ Detecting a weakening of international resolve on sanctions, Mandela responded angrily to the Western countries' positions.
▪ Vlok said that the money had come from a fund established to combat international sanctions.
▪ The real parallels, however, lie in the political reactions to international sanctions in both cases.
legal
▪ He repudiated his first wife and married a recognised Judaic princess, thereby seeking at least a form of legal sanction.
▪ The most frequent legal sanction imposed against corporations and their executives are fines.
▪ A third point of distinction concerns the nature of legal and market sanctions.
▪ Rights without the backbone of legal sanction, Bentham contends, is just talk.
▪ But this is not the imposition of a direct legal sanction.
▪ What is of relatively recent origin, however, is the creation of bureaucracies equipped with legal sanctions to regulate economic life.
▪ It was this case that first showed the considerable legal sanctions available against unions under the new legislation.
▪ Obviously, because the possession of heroin is illegal, users must maintain a low profile for fear of legal sanctions.
official
▪ Certain norms are formalized by translation into laws which are enforced by official sanctions.
▪ Even in San Francisco, perhaps the most AIDS-acclimatised city in the world, needle-exchange programmes lack official sanction.
▪ Both should receive official sanction and both require in-service training opportunities to acquire the necessary skills.
▪ This in effect recognized and gave official sanction to the thriving black market.
▪ Accordingly, Manville took out his code manual and began preparing an official sanction for despatch to Brussels.
▪ You've cleared official sanction for Operation Cuckoo to go ahead.
punitive
▪ It represents a number of auxiliary practices which make punitive sanctions more effective.
social
▪ There may be a variety of social sanctions which lead to a high level of participation.
▪ Basically, it consists of: Traditional caste systems in which roles are assigned at birth and enforced by social sanctions.
▪ Judgements of worth and social sanctions are individuated and tailored to past commitments.
tough
▪ Dealing: The report urges much tougher sanctions on the suppliers of all illegal drugs.
ultimate
▪ Examples of the use of this ultimate sanction are few.
▪ The ultimate sanction may be for them to sack the person whom they regard as being mainly to blame.
▪ Only if its many controls fail will the ultimate sanction, i.e. revocation of the disposal licence, be invoked.
▪ War as the ultimate sanction was not a credible solution.
▪ The ultimate sanction is financial: an additional award of compensation.
NOUN
regime
▪ But the court held unanimously that the state's restrictions were overridden when Congress passed its own sanctions regime later that year.
▪ At the same time, international interests would like to ease the sanctions regime, particularly the trade embargo.
▪ According to U.S. and Western officials, Washington has quietly begun to review its screening of imports under the sanctions regime.
▪ Precisely because of the intense coercion caused by the sanctions regime and Western attitudes, all now stand behind the regime.
▪ Such a veto would be difficult to defend internationally and could well lead to an uncontrollable erosion of the sanctions regime.
▪ Meanwhile the flouting of the sanctions regime proceeds apace.
trade
▪ A more ambitious bill that would have ended virtually all trade sanctions was voted down earlier in the same house debate.
VERB
apply
▪ In the scenario, the United Nation applies sanctions to Korona and demands that it leave Kartuna by a certain deadline.
ease
▪ At the same time, international interests would like to ease the sanctions regime, particularly the trade embargo.
▪ The latest resolution proposes to ease sanctions after weapons inspections are resumed for an initial 120 days.
end
▪ A more ambitious bill that would have ended virtually all trade sanctions was voted down earlier in the same house debate.
▪ But nor is there a consensus on ending sanctions, thereby admitting that the policy of 10 years has failed.
enforce
▪ Certain norms are formalized by translation into laws which are enforced by official sanctions.
▪ Basically, it consists of: Traditional caste systems in which roles are assigned at birth and enforced by social sanctions.
face
▪ Mercifully, Balestre subsequently retracted the ban on Goodyear, but emphasized that Cosworth and Ilmor would face serious sanctions.
impose
▪ A government or religion prescribes and imposes sanctions selected by their effectiveness in controlling citizen or communicant.
▪ Finally, the courts have ruled that school boards can impose economic sanctions on teachers who go on strike.
▪ The United States has not ruled out imposing sanctions.
▪ Even so, President Clinton had no choice but impose additional sanctions in response to the shoot-downs.
lift
▪ Britain said it was ready to lift the sanctions at once.
▪ In addition to abolishing the speed limit, the bill lifted federal sanctions against states without motorcycle helmet laws.
▪ Reagan lifted the pipeline sanctions and Britoil went up for sale and Lech Walesa was freed.
▪ Dissidents in Havana believe his regime would not long outlast the lifting of sanctions.
oppose
▪ Nor do I believe in deliberately making people poor: that is why I oppose sanctions.
propose
▪ The latest resolution proposes to ease sanctions after weapons inspections are resumed for an initial 120 days.
▪ The House is scheduled to vote Jan. 21 on proposed sanctions against Gingrich.
▪ The panel has wide latitude in proposing a sanction.
recommend
▪ Lawmakers and independent experts have expressed differing views on whether Gingrich can tap his well-stocked campaign fund to pay the recommended sanction.
▪ McGehee advocates the creation of an independent Office of Ethics Counsel to interpret the rules, investigate complaints and recommend sanctions.
▪ It said the housing authority had wasted money and approved contracts improperly, and recommended serious sanctions from the U.S.
support
▪ He said he would support harsher sanctions now being considered by Congress.
vote
▪ Late last year, the panel and House leaders agreed the House would vote on the sanction by Jan. 21.
▪ Under a schedule worked out earlier this week, the House would vote on the sanction no later than Jan. 21.
PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
clamp sanctions/restrictions etc on sb
crime-buster/budget-buster/sanctions-buster etc
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
▪ He acted without religious or government sanction.
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
▪ Britain said it was ready to lift the sanctions at once.
▪ Harrassment of ethnic or religious minorities would result in various international sanctions.
▪ Like informal sanctions, formal sanctions may be positive or negative.
▪ Mijic said his paper is facing an inner wall of sanctions, however.
▪ Polanyi would propose a world environment organisation with the right to impose sanctions on countries that refuse to cut emissions.
▪ Such sanctions are likely to make the child angry.
▪ This confidence was given a democratic sanction in the referendum of 28 September 1958.
▪ When I was there they were desperate for one and anxious that the sanctions should be lifted.
II. verb
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
ADVERB
officially
▪ Blacks knew that every peaceful march and favorable court decision was being answered with acts of officially sanctioned violence.
▪ Beyond the category of leaks described above exists a second category: the officially sanctioned leak calculated to produce a specific effect.
▪ The live ammunition that I experienced was not officially sanctioned as being hazardous enough to be included.
▪ At best, this organization achieves a grudging, superficial conformity to officially sanctioned patterns of thought and action.
NOUN
scheme
▪ Any pertinent changes must be notified in good time if the court is to sanction the scheme.
▪ The court will not sanction the scheme if the requisite statutory procedures have not been complied with.
▪ The court will only sanction the scheme if it is reasonable.
▪ If the petition is successful a court order is drawn up sanctioning the scheme and confirming the reduction of capital.
▪ If this is not done, the court may exercise its discretion not to sanction the scheme.
VERB
refuse
▪ As a result the government may find itself forced into refusing to sanction new expenditure.
PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
crime-buster/budget-buster/sanctions-buster etc
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
▪ Gambling will be not be sanctioned in any form.
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
▪ Allowing them to make such a decision does not sanction it - far from it.
▪ Nevertheless, extreme vigilance and monitoring are still needed each time a new product is sanctioned for release into the environment.
▪ Rabin told the Knesset that while he had sanctioned the use of force, he had never given illegal orders.
▪ Sefton council will consider whether to sanction the operation.
▪ There can be no art movement of the last 200 years that he has failed to sanction.
▪ They gave away small parcels, and even sanctioned the right to buy and sell property in the 1993 constitution.
▪ This judicial readiness to sanction rescue was revised in post-war years in the light of Bowlby's work on maternal deprivation.
▪ When used to sanction official disapproval of the Third Reich, this approach is unlikely to be controversial.

sanction

I. sanc‧tion¹ /ˈsæŋkʃən/ noun
[date : 1400-1500; Language : Old French; Origin : Latin sanctio, from sancire; ⇨ saint]
1. sanctions
[PLURAL]official orders or laws stopping trade, communication etc with another country, as a way of forcing its leaders to make political changes ⇨ embargo
sanctions against
　 ▪ US sanctions against Cuba
　 ▪ a resolution to impose sanctions (=start using sanctions) on North Korea
　 ▪ the threat of trade sanctions
　 ▪ The UN Security Council may impose economic sanctions.
　 ▪ Any talk about lifting sanctions (=ending them) is premature.

2. [UNCOUNTABLE]
formal official permission, approval, or acceptance SYN approval:
　 ▪ Apparently, the aide had acted without White House sanction.

3. [COUNTABLE]
formal a form of punishment that can be used if someone disobeys a rule or law SYN punishment:
　 ▪ the harshest possible sanction which could be imposed
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
ADJECTIVES/NOUN + sanctions
▪economic/trade sanctions
　 ▪ The United Nations is considering new economic sanctions.
▪international sanctions
　 ▪ International sanctions were imposed on Iraq after it invaded Kuwait in 1990.
▪tough/strict sanctions (=severe)
　 ▪ Due to strict sanctions, the country is unable to import the medicines it needs.
verbs
▪impose sanctions (=start using them)
　 ▪ The US imposed economic sanctions on Panama.
▪lift sanctions (=stop using them)
　 ▪ Washington has since refused to lift sanctions.
▪ease sanctions (=make them less strict)
　 ▪ The last administration decided to ease sanctions against Cuba.
▪enforce sanctions (=make sure they are obeyed)
　 ▪ The UN will have the job of enforcing the sanctions.
▪break/violate sanctions (=send something to another country when this is not allowed)
　 ▪ Several companies broke trade sanctions by continuing to export weapons to the country.

II. sanction² verb [TRANSITIVE] formal
1. to officially accept or allow something SYN approve:
　 ▪ The church refused to sanction the king’s second marriage.

2. be sanctioned by something
to be made acceptable by something:
　 ▪ a barbaric custom, but one sanctioned by long usage
• • •
THESAURUS
▪allow to say that someone can do something – used about parents, teachers, or people in authority :
　 ▪ They don’t allow students to chew gum in the classroom.
　 ▪ I’m not allowed to stay out after ten o'clock.
▪let [NOT IN PASSIVE]to allow someone to do something. Let is not used in the passive, and is much more commonly used in everyday English than allow :
　 ▪ Will your Mum let you come to the party?
　 ▪ I’ll borrow John’s bicycle, if he’ll let me.
▪permit formal if something is permitted, it is allowed according to the rules - used especially on written notices and announcements :
　 ▪ Smoking is not permitted anywhere in the building.
▪give somebody permission used when someone in an important official position decides to allow someone to do something :
　 ▪ He was given special permission to leave school early.
　 ▪ The Home Office has given him permission to stay in Britain indefinitely.
▪give your consent to say that you will allow someone to do something that will affect you personally, or a member of your family, when you have a legal right to say ‘no’ :
　 ▪ Her parents have given their consent to the marriage.
　 ▪ You can’t build on someone’s land without the owner’s consent.
▪give something the go-ahead to officially allow a planned project or activity to happen :
　 ▪ The government finally gave the go-ahead for a new terminal at Heathrow airport.
　 ▪ A new nuclear plant has been given the go-ahead.
▪authorize to officially or legally allow someone to do something - used about laws or people :
　 ▪ The UN resolution would authorize the use of force.
　 ▪ I never authorized them to give information about me to other banks.
▪entitle to give someone the right to do or have something :
　 ▪ The pass entitles you to travel on any bus, at any time, in Norwich.
　 ▪ If the goods are faulty, the customer is entitled to a refund.
▪sanction formal to give official approval and support for something :
　 ▪ The Truman administration refused to sanction a military attack.
　 ▪ The advertisements were sanctioned by the candidate himself.