economic

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ec‧o‧nom‧ic S2 W1 AC /ˌekəˈnɒmɪk◂, ˌiː- $ -ˈnɑː-/ adjective
[Word Family: noun: economics, economist, economy; adjective: economic, economical ≠ UNECONOMIC(AL), economy; verb: economize; adverb: economically ≠ uneconomically]
1. [ONLY BEFORE NOUN]
relating to trade, industry, and the management of money ⇨ economy:
　 ▪ Economic growth is slow.
　 ▪ the government’s economic policy
　 ▪ Economic reform is needed.
　 ▪ In the current economic climate (=conditions), we must keep costs down.

2. an economic process, activity etc produces enough profit for it to continue SYN profitable OPP uneconomic:
　 ▪ It is no longer economic to run the service.
HINT: ► Do not confuse with economical (=cheap or not wasteful).
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
nouns
▪economic activity (=the amount of buying, selling etc in a country or area)
　 ▪ This year we have seen an upturn in global economic activity.
▪economic growth/development (=when businesses become more successful)
　 ▪ We have enjoyed a period of steady economic growth.
▪an economic slowdown/downturn (=when businesses become less successful)
　 ▪ Experts are predicting an economic slowdown at the beginning of next year.
▪economic recession (=a period during which a country or area has a lot of problems with its economy)
　 ▪ People are scared they will lose their homes if there is an economic recession.
▪an economic crisis (=a situation in which there are a lot of problems with the economy, that must be dealt with quickly so the situation does not get worse)
　 ▪ The country’s economic crisis continues to deepen as workers demonstrated against rising food prices.
▪economic recovery (=the process in which an economic situation improves after a period of failing)
　 ▪ There are now signs of economic recovery in the region.
▪economic problems
　 ▪ The country’s continuing economic problems could lead to recession.
▪the economic system (=the way in which the economy of a country or area is organized)
　 ▪ There are fears that the country’s whole economic system could collapse.
▪an economic policy (=the way in which a government manages the economy of a country or area)
　 ▪ Controlling inflation is the main aim of the government’s economic policy.
▪economic reform (=a set of changes made to an economy in order to improve it)
　 ▪ The government agreed to a programme of economic reform.
▪the economic climate (=the general economic conditions in a country or area)
　 ▪ In the current economic climate, a lot of people are trying to save more and spend less.
▪economic sanctions (=laws that stop trade with another country, as a way of forcing its leaders to make political changes)
　 ▪ The UN threatened economic sanctions against the regime.
▪economic performance (=how well a company, country, or economy is doing)
　 ▪ How do you explain this poor economic performance over the last few years?
▪economic factor (=a factor involving money or the economy that affects a situation)
　 ▪ Complex economic and social factors have contributed to the rise in violent crime.
▪an economic indicator (=something that shows how well the economy of a country is doing, and what is likely to happen to it in the future)
　 ▪ The main economic indicators show that the economy is still in decline.
• • •
THESAURUS
▪financial relating to money or the management of money :
　 ▪ businesses that provide personal financial services
　 ▪ the financial problems of old age
▪economic relating to the money of a country, area, or society, and the way it is earned, spent, and controlled :
　 ▪ American voters were anxious for a change in economic policy.
　 ▪ an economic crisis
▪fiscal [ONLY BEFORE NOUN] formal relating to the money, debts, tax etc that are owned and managed by the government :
　 ▪ fiscal control
　 ▪ The Indian government is trying to reduce the fiscal deficit.
▪monetary [ONLY BEFORE NOUN] formal relating to money, especially all the money in a country, and how it is managed :
　 ▪ The Bank of Thailand has retained a tight monetary policy.
　 ▪ the European Monetary System
▪budgetary [ONLY BEFORE NOUN] formal relating to the official plan of how the money of a country or organization is spent :
　 ▪ City officials are facing tough budgetary decisions.
　 ▪ the process of budgetary control

adjective
COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES
a business/economic/election etc cycle (=related events in business, the economy etc that repeat themselves over a certain period)
▪ the presidential election cycle
a financial/economic/military etc disaster
▪ The project was a financial disaster.
a political/military/economic setback
▪ The defeat represented a major political setback for the conservatives.
a political/social/economic etc issue
▪ They discussed a number of political issues.
an economic boom
▪ the postwar economic boom
an economic embargo (=one that does not allow any trade or financial business with a country)
▪ He asked for an immediate end to the economic embargo imposed last year.
an economic enterprise (=one that is intended to make money)
▪ It's an economic enterprise, not a charity.
an economic forecast
▪ The Bank of England revised its economic forecast in the wake of the figures.
an economic impact
▪ It is difficult to measure the economic impact of the war.
an economic migrant (=someone who goes to another country to find a better job)
▪ They are economic migrants, escaping terrible poverty in their home country.
an economic miracle
▪ Brazil seemed to be experiencing an economic miracle.
an economic motive
▪ Many people believed that there were economic motives to the decision to go to war.
an economic programme
▪ The party did not have a clear economic programme.
an economic recession
▪ The economic recession of the '70s led to a fall in recruitment.
an economic recovery
▪ The U.S. is showing solid signs of an economic recovery.
an economic sector (=one part of the economy)
▪ The country is making efforts to expand such economic sectors as tourism and information technology.
an economic strategy
▪ The government has changed its economic strategy.
an economic theory
▪ His economic theory assumes that both labour and capital are perfectly mobile.
an economic zone (=an area with special trade or tax conditions)
▪ The area has been made a special economic zone.
an economic/military/business/political etc objective
▪ We have made good progress towards meeting our business objectives.
an economic/political/financial etc crisis
▪ The country was headed into an economic crisis.
commercial/economic exploitation
commercial/economic potential (=the potential to earn money)
▪ They were quick to recognize the band’s commercial potential.
commercial/economic/financial success
▪ None of his ideas had any commercial success.
commercial/industrial/economic etc logic
▪ Reducing your carbon footprint is also backed by good economic logic.
crime/economic/unemployment etc statistics
▪ The economic statistics tell a grim story.
cultural/economic/social etc imperialism
▪ Small nations resent Western cultural imperialism.
economic activity
▪ The current level of economic activity will influence business confidence.
economic affairs
▪ He was appointed Minister of State with responsibility for economic affairs.
economic assistance
▪ humanitarian aid and other forms of economic assistance
economic collapse
▪ the threat of economic collapse
economic depression
▪ the devastating effects of economic depression
economic downturn
▪ America’s current economic downturn
economic expansion
▪ Economic expansion in India and China is set to continue.
economic factors
▪ Economic factors limit our options.
economic failure
▪ Economic failure drove the government out of office.
Economic forecasters
▪ Economic forecasters think that the stock market is set to fall.
economic gloom
▪ It was a year of economic gloom for the car industry.
economic growth
▪ American aid was meant to kick-start the country’s economic growth.
economic inequality
▪ There has been an increase in economic inequality between nations.
economic liberty
▪ The country is slowly moving towards democracy and economic liberty.
economic performance
▪ Its economic performance has not matched that of other countries.
economic plight
▪ the country’s economic plight
economic problems
▪ He argued that the government was to blame for the country’s economic problems.
economic prosperity
▪ a time of economic prosperity
economic reform
▪ The Prime Minister has promised to push ahead with economic reform.
economic ruin (=when someone loses all their money or when a country loses a lot of its trade, industry, and wealth)
▪ Their policies have been driving this country to economic ruin for the past 13 years.
economic survival
▪ Both countries depend on wildlife-based tourism for their economic survival.
economic ties
▪ Japan and South Korea have close economic ties.
economic upturn
▪ an economic upturn
economic well-being
▪ We are now concerned for the economic well-being of the country.
economic/financial hardship
▪ The closure of the steelworks caused economic hardship for the town.
economic/financial incentives (=money that is offered to someone as an incentive)
▪ Doctors are encouraged through financial incentives to work in poor areas.
economic/fiscal policy
▪ The middle classes have suffered most as a result of government economic policies.
economic/industrial etc decline
▪ This area has been severely affected by long-term industrial decline.
economic/industrial/business etc development
▪ The US has been keen to encourage economic development in Egypt.
economic/market trends
▪ This forecast is based on current economic trends.
economic/political importance
▪ The role of the police has great political importance.
economic/political/scientific etc analysis
▪ His book provided a scientific analysis of human behaviour.
economic/political/social etc chaos
▪ Afterwards there was widespread famine and economic chaos.
economic/practical/political etc necessity
▪ I’m afraid it’s become a matter of economic necessity.
economic/social/environmental etc benefits
▪ Tourism has brought considerable economic benefits to the island.
economic/trade sanctions
▪ The United Nations is considering new economic sanctions.
environmental/nuclear/economic etc catastrophe
▪ The Black Sea is facing ecological catastrophe as a result of pollution.
financial/economic aid
▪ The commission said it was ready to provide financial aid to help farmers.
financial/economic difficulties
▪ The company is facing serious financial difficulties.
financial/economic information
▪ The financial information contained in the report is based on the company's audited accounts.
financial/economic planning
▪ Owing to poor financial planning, I was almost out of money.
financial/economic resources
▪ Lack of financial resources can result in homelessness.
financial/economic reward (also monetary rewardformal)
▪ It’s a difficult job, but the financial rewards are considerable.
▪ I’m not doing it for monetary reward.
financial/economic/capital etc gain
▪ They are seeking to realize the maximum financial gain.
financial/legal/economic etc constraints
▪ During the war, there were many physical and social constraints on citizens.
from a theoretical/political/economic etc standpoint
▪ Let’s look at the questions from an economic standpoint.
from an economic/financial/business point of view
▪ From a financial point of view, the concert was a disaster.
legal/political/economic etc ramifications
▪ the environmental ramifications of the road-building program
on the economic/political etc front
▪ On the technical front, there have been a number of important developments.
political/cultural/economic influence
▪ French political influence began to dominate the country.
political/economic etc clout
▪ people with financial clout
political/economic independence
▪ Zambia achieved political independence without a prolonged conflict.
political/economic/cultural etc dominance
▪ the economic and political dominance of Western countries
political/economic/military power
▪ countries with little economic power
political/emotional/economic/religious etc turmoil
▪ the prospect of another week of political turmoil
political/social/economic etc elite
▪ the domination of power by a small political elite
political/social/economic etc grouping
▪ During this period the family unit becomes the natural social grouping.
political/social/economic etc repercussions
political/social/economic realities
▪ He's ignoring political realities.
right-wing/liberal/economic etc think tank
▪ a leading member of a Tory think tank
social/economic/educational disadvantage
▪ Unemployment often leads to social disadvantage.
social/economic/emotional etc deprivation
▪ Low birth weight is related to economic deprivation.
social/political/economic consequences
▪ The rise in food prices has had enormous economic and political consequences.
social/political/economic equality
▪ Black people had to fight for social and economic equality with whites.
social/political/economic etc change
▪ Demands for political and social change are growing.
social/political/economic structure
▪ Many changes had taken place in the social and political structure of the island.
the economic environment
▪ The economic environment has changed, and many countries are sliding into recession.
the economic sphere
▪ Will the reform programme be extended beyond the economic sphere?
the economic/banking system
▪ There are fears that the whole banking system could collapse.
the economic/political situation
▪ The country’s economic situation continued to deteriorate.
the political/economic/social etc climate
▪ At the time the political climate was moving steadily to the right.
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
NOUN
activity
▪ The image presented was of potentially active individuals bereft both of health and satisfaction through enforced retirement from economic activity.
▪ Whether in boom or slump, economic activity almost always produces a surplus.
▪ Answer guide: Because the accounts are to do with measuring economic activity rather than the timing of receipts and payments. 7.
▪ Never mind the fact that, in market economies, almost any economic activity can sometimes be said to meet this test.
▪ Trend data on employment and economic activity rates for women are less reliable, particularly given their low unemployment registration rates.
▪ The Victorian age was not simply one of progress, measured in terms of population growth and economic activity.
▪ We need far more effective policies on small businesses to encourage employment and greater economic activity.
▪ Tourism, the islands' principal economic activity, continued to grow.
aid
▪ The United States suspended military and economic aid, but such support had been worth only US$16,400,000 in 1990.
▪ Buchanan has said he would gradually eliminate all foreign economic aid and give only limited assistance in instances of humanitarian disasters.
▪ Whereas the United States was in favour of taking a tough line, Britain argued that economic aid should not be stopped.
▪ When it asked for economic aid from the United States, Bush responded that the $ 119 million already promised was sufficient.
▪ So did Dulles, who promised economic aid to those who broke with the Kremlin.
base
▪ The Barringtons vividly demonstrate that the village as an occupational community declined because the underlying economic base could no longer support it.
▪ The unemployment picture reflects these changes in the economic base.
▪ These communities have an average population of between 200 and 700 and an economic base of agriculture plus some light industry.
▪ The new policy would seek to reverse the pattern of out-migration while strengthening the economic base of inner-city areas.
▪ There is a lot of inertia in the landscape with places persisting even after their former economic base has disappeared.
▪ Such a thin economic base could support only a limited population, in fact even less than the county actually held.
▪ Racial struggle is linked to class struggle, and racism fractures both the political superstructure and economic base.
▪ To the extent environmental controls undermine our economic base, they threaten our ability to pursue the environmental goals we all share.
benefit
▪ These environmental objections were considered to be serious enough to outweigh the economic benefits of allowing the proposal.
▪ They need to obtain positive economic benefits or cash flow early in the project life.
▪ It suffices that customers are expected to act in a way that will provide economic benefits to the entity.
▪ This exercise of economic power could be coercive, in the sense that A might prevent B from enjoying certain economic benefits.
▪ How does one decide whether the overall economic costs of regulation outweigh the overall economic benefits of regulation?
▪ The farmer in Upper and Central Bucks, where land values are lower, might see an economic benefit from the program.
▪ For example, a warrant will usually not be a liability as it does not contain an obligation to transfer economic benefits.
boom
▪ The potential economic boom has been welcomed by business leaders in Swindon.
▪ Indeed, in almost every speech, he celebrates the economic boom of what he calls the Clinton-Gore administration.
▪ Its appearance coincided with an economic boom and an ideological crisis.
▪ Treatment of blacks altered slightly with the great depression of the thirties and the economic boom of the wartime forties.
▪ He says they haven't had the economic boom.
▪ Is an economic boom an unsustainable trend?
▪ But it soon faded in the economic boom of the 1950s and 1960s.
▪ By the eighteenth century, an economic boom had resulted in an active type of pre-capitalism, ready to take off.
change
▪ A second impulse which prompted economic change came from outside the empire.
▪ First, one has to have self-pride, then you have to have political change, then follows economic change.
▪ A key concept in understanding such major shifts, and relating them to wider economic change, is uneven development.
▪ The state has become a microcosm of the economic change that has gripped the nation.
▪ These forces can be grouped into four major categories: political considerations, socio-demographic factors, economic change and financial constraint.
▪ They concluded that people as a whole react to events and to social and economic changes in reasonable and predictable ways.
▪ But Hashimoto has also led resistance to economic changes and concessions urged by the Clinton administration.
climate
▪ Net margins were 14% of turnover, a very good performance considering the very unfavourable worldwide economic climate.
▪ Creditor business continues to be affected by the poor economic climate but rating action has resulted in some improvement in Q2.
▪ Creditor business continues to be affected by the poor economic climate.
▪ The economic climate of the 1980's may give new significance to the DRAs.
▪ Despite the strictures imposed and the tough economic climate, William Grant &038; Sons is constantly investing in the future.
▪ The most attractive reason in the current economic climate can be summed up in just one word, margin.
▪ But Nalgo leaders say residents need the service more than ever in the current economic climate.
collapse
▪ The forest is new: the ultimate victor in the conflicts, economic collapse and depopulation of the late nineteenth century.
▪ In the United States in the 1930s, a financial collapse led to an economic collapse.
▪ Mr Karimov knows that he will stand or fall on his ability to stave off economic collapse.
▪ We moved ahead rapidly when the economic collapse of the Depression strained the capacities of families and communities to the breaking point.
▪ Unemployment and economic collapse have changed our views.
▪ Futures commissions are often created by communities that have experienced some form of trauma, such as economic collapse.
▪ Diehard optimists, like Mr Pynzenyk, say that hyperinflation and economic collapse will eventually force the country to its senses.
▪ The most extreme pessimists foretell a future of demographically driven privation, environmental overshoot, and economic collapse.
crisis
▪ The following day the government introduced emergency measures to tackle the economic crisis.
▪ The world faced an economic crisis that was potentially worse than the Great Depression of the 19305.
▪ However, many commentators placed responsibility for the current economic crisis firmly on the Karami government's own policies.
▪ Others fret that the system might not provide enough help in times of rural economic crisis.
▪ Mr Major has now flown home to deal with the economic crisis.
▪ Sharp inequalities between different classes and ethnic groups and between men and women are often exacerbated by debt and economic crisis.
▪ Key economic indicators which Gaidar cited in his speech illustrated the depth of the economic crisis.
▪ The economic crisis of 1976 and the advent of Mrs Thatcher's Conservative government in 1979 was to change all that.
decline
▪ In the context of the debate about the curriculum, economic decline and supposedly falling educational standards were important elements.
▪ Though not out of the range of historic experience, absolute economic decline is, of course, an extreme scenario.
▪ Trade An important policy issue concerns the effectiveness of import controls as an instrument for alleviating Britain's economic decline.
▪ The problems of cities-and particularly inner-city areas-were increasingly viewed as resulting from economic decline.
▪ It has presided over our economic decline for decades and even now is failing to reverse it.
▪ The same regions that once benefited from growth in these industries have, subsequently, suffered economic decline and depression.
depression
▪ And now it had been in a deep economic depression for years.
▪ Did unemployment, economic depression and the General Strike reduce trade unionism to a pitiful weakness?
▪ We feel there will be an economic depression.
▪ The country was in the grip of economic depression, and in June 1921 there were more than two million out of work.
▪ The disorder was aggravated by the economic depression of the 1930s.
▪ Churchill's move to the Board of Trade in 1908 coincided with the return of acute economic depression.
▪ Ironically a period of severe economic depression may be advantageous, in one sense at least.
development
▪ The government's commitment to the economic development of West Belfast was questioned.
▪ The government today is trying to combine preservation of indigenous cultures with economic development.
▪ The investigators on this project have worked together on a range of industrial and economic development projects in recent years.
▪ The city has also recently redirected its own economic development efforts to target impoverished groups and neighborhoods.
▪ This involved using existing data and also meetings with representatives from organisations involved in economic development in the valley.
▪ There is substantial room for growth within city limits and good reason to expect continued economic development.
▪ The pit's dilemma will be raised as an emergency item at this morning's meeting of Lothian's economic development committee.
▪ In essence, the rationale for local economic development links economic development to community well-being.
downturn
▪ Yesterday's trade figures showed clearly that export volumes were at record levels even in a worldwide economic downturn.
▪ And it is fertile soil for a severe economic downturn in the post-cold war world economy.
▪ The world's economic downturn has triggered a rash of defaults in commercial paper and long-term debt, particularly by unrated issuers.
▪ A few years hence, the nation experiences a severe economic downturn.
▪ Inpart, the fading lustre of famous names can be blamed on the economic downturn of the 1990s.
▪ When the Exposition closed Chicago was already in the grip of a serious economic downturn.
▪ He said first he had to deal with the provincial government's financial woes and an economic downturn.
▪ There is no loophole to grant budget flexibility in case of an economic downturn.
environment
▪ It looks at the economic environment, end-use market and industries, and competition.
▪ And strategic thinking about our future is imperative, because we are in an ultra-competitive economic environment.
▪ Employers were prepared to tolerate these rights and provisions in return for a profitable economic environment.
▪ All signs seem to point to a weak economic environment for a while.
▪ Forecasts of the economic environment have already been analysed in the previous chapter.
▪ Business risk is the risk imposed by the business and economic environment in which the firm operates.
▪ The international economic environment Most economists are agreed that the period 1948 to 1973 was one of increasing world prosperity.
▪ The greatest hindrance to recovery of this resource is the marginally favorable economic environment.
factor
▪ The lifetime of coins was indeed sometimes very short as a result of various political or economic factors.
▪ But if economic factors are included, our choices of future missions will be dramatically changed.
▪ The law should not be concerned with solely economic factors.
▪ For many reasons, but the focus here is on the economic factors involved in commitment to family.
▪ This will be affected not just by economic factors, but by demographic and social factors as well.
▪ But fundamental economic factors turned more favorable to productivity growth in the 1980s and especially in the 1990s.
▪ As well as demographic trends these include such social and economic factors as alternative opportunities for employment and the supply of places.
▪ Analysts generally agree that the fundamental economic factors that produce corporate profits remain strong.
growth
▪ Significant economic growth and social change has been brought about as a result of the offshore oil and gas industry.
▪ Creating new technologies to clean up the air could actually spur economic growth rather than burden it.
▪ On the other hand, 32 percent felt that economic growth should be given priority even if the environment suffered to some extent.
▪ But Clinton insists that new technologies will improve energy efficiency, enabling developing countries to continue economic growth without increasing emissions.
▪ Employment, the second, and trickiest, component, must depend on a return to sustained economic growth.
▪ The model is used to forecast economic growth and to estimate the potential effects of sudden shocks like a stock crash.
▪ A study of nine cities over 1965-83 found no significant relationship between economic growth and the arrival of new teams or stadiums.
▪ Figure 7-4 shows the combined real economic growth rate of these countries.
history
▪ He was reading a book on political and economic history.
▪ So this is how economic history restarts.
▪ There has never been a time in economic history when comparative advantage was less static.
▪ There are, of course, many links and parallels between economic history and the development of the government and social institutions.
▪ More social history is being taught but examination syllabuses still focus on political and economic history which conventionally excludes women.
▪ To understand the sources of the new ways of life, we must turn to economic history.
▪ The literature throws into sharp relief the essential dichotomy in the approach to this issue between economics and economic history.
impact
▪ So, armed with consultants' reports on the favorable economic impact, they offer to provide buildings or infrastructure.
▪ This week the 49ers released an economic impact report that was eight pages long.
▪ The uncertain nature of the economic impact of the Second World War is easily demonstrated.
▪ The pollution is already making a strong economic impact, both in the ponds and on the open water.
▪ Previous economic impact studies in tourism have used the 1979 and 1984 tables.
▪ That would have serious economic impact.
▪ Both as employees and as entrepreneurs, their position is better than it was and their economic impact bigger.
▪ Before critical habitat can be designated, an analysis of the resulting social and economic impacts must be made.
incentive
▪ The fact remains that any legal regime which lowers the economic incentive for drugs-crime will surely boost drug consumption.
▪ But Reimers, 62, said that universities have an economic incentive to stick to fundamental research.
▪ Perhaps this led to a greater emphasis on the other economic incentive.
▪ The measure seeks to take the economic incentive away from employing illegal immigrants.
▪ In terms of economic welfare, as in terms of economic incentives, the picture is again unclear.
▪ The people most likely to be affected by economic incentives are those who are the most economically vulnerable.
▪ The rational-economic individual is primarily motivated by economic incentives.
▪ He believed strongly in economic incentive.
issue
▪ Agreement was reached on a number of economic issues.
▪ Weld was scheduled to speak Wednesday night when convention organizers intend to stress economic issues.
▪ Observers say economic issues may get a more serious airing in Eastern states, which have been roiled by the shifting economy.
▪ The first is an attempt to rectify Realism's inability to deal with economic issues.
▪ A greater awareness of biological, social and economic issues in the context of formal education is required.
▪ But many of those arising over factory conditions and economic issues often included a political dimension.
life
▪ Definite and energetic steps must be taken in other directions to restore the balance of our national economic life ....
▪ We as a union knew that our primary job was to protect the worker and improve his economic life.
▪ Seventh, accountability and judgment are an integral part of economic life.
▪ Nothing is more completely accepted in the conventional wisdom than the cliche that economic life is endlessly and inherently uncertain.
▪ Depreciation is to be based on the shorter of the lease term and useful economic life.
▪ This would be possible were it merely a matter of invention or were the hazards of modern economic life increasing.
▪ Papyri are less informative about economic life in Alexandria.
▪ Poverty and insecurity thus became inherent in the economic life of even the most favored country.
miracle
▪ The truth is that, though a slimmer deficit is devoutly to be desired, it does not guarantee an economic miracle.
▪ Equally important was the West Berlin economic miracle.
▪ Suddenly, the economic miracle of the past decade began to be recognized for what it was.
▪ It could disappear into the whirring computers and multicolored flow charts of the economic miracle.
▪ The main Conservative claim to national support, therefore, namely that they had worked an economic miracle, seemed increasingly shallow.
▪ So unless you believe in unproven economic miracles, the alternative is busting the budget.
▪ She barely mentions the economic miracle.
▪ What is happening in the land of the economic miracle?
performance
▪ This section highlights some of the principal types of variation between places that impinge on their economic performance and social problems.
▪ To do so takes successful decade after successful decade of good economic performance.
▪ Britain's poor economic performance has been the dominant theme of political debate and economic discourse since the 1950s.
▪ But weak economic performance, supporters said, is precisely why Kim has pushed so hard to revise the labor law.
▪ According to the state's traffic planning department, traffic calming had improved the economic performance of cities like Dusseldorf.
▪ Perceptions of Britain's economic performance and prospects were obviously influenced by objective economic factors and by government manipulation of economic statistics.
▪ Drucker has also argued that there is a further basic function of management in business: economic performance.
▪ Regulated, socialised economies trample on human dignity, despoil the natural environment and depress economic performance.
policy
▪ He made no direct reference to the disturbances in April against the government's economic policies.
▪ The domination of economic policy by the Federal Reserve and other central banks is new.
▪ The most striking absence of progress was in economic policy.
▪ Conservative economic policy ironically has created social conditions which have led to increased crime amongst the middle as well as working classes.
▪ For the first time, Mr Major has put a bit of distance between himself and economic policy.
▪ Co-ordination of economic policies is far away.
▪ Democratic regimes are constrained by the authoritarian and elitist state that ultimately controls the instruments of economic policy and coercion.
power
▪ As women increasingly spend some of their married lives in careers, it follows also that they have more economic power.
▪ To what extent this promotes economic power would be hard to estimate, but the two are certainly not unrelated.
▪ They sought legitimacy and a political outlet to match their enormous economic power.
▪ The standard has prestige simply because its speakers have political, social and economic power.
▪ To decentralise and geographically disperse political and economic power.
▪ Although he wielded enormous economic power, Park never became a rich man and was not personally corrupt.
▪ They are: first, the growth of giant industrial enterprises and the concentration of economic power in fewer of them.
▪ Table 28-I, on the other hand, indicates a number of very basic manufacturing industries wherein economic power is highly concentrated.
problem
▪ The Wilson government inherited serious economic problems in October 1964, but made matters worse by its own decisions.
▪ They expressed concerns that decreased military spending can become an economic problem in regions that depend on the armed forces for jobs.
▪ In face of these political and economic problems, the legislative record of the second administration was necessarily limited.
▪ He has no credible ideas or answers to the economic problems he outlines at such length.
▪ Although these reforms have been pursued, their implementation has been hampered by economic problems and the war.
▪ His initial research will focus on how best to solve economic problems in inner-city areas.
▪ The economic problems caused by unemployment led to the collapse of the second Labour government.
▪ In itself this elusiveness is testimony to just how enormously difficult it is to find practical solutions to Britain's economic problems.
progress
▪ The Association sought to show that the restrictions in the agreement were indeed indispensable to the promotion of technical or economic progress.
▪ He offered an all but certain formula for economic progress.
▪ This is our economic argument: a path to personal enrichment from the fruits of economic progress more widely shared.
▪ The overwhelming reasons cited were the economic progress and develop-ment under his regime, and its relative stability.
▪ The timing would depend on economic progress.
▪ These fears were, strongest at a time when great advances in social security were coinciding with great economic progress.
▪ Food is the basic necessity of life and without it economic progress is impossible.
▪ Dole meant to suggest that if elected he would bring real governmental reform and new national economic progress.
prosperity
▪ According to the economic libertarian's theory, there should have been an increase in economic prosperity.
▪ She also quickly realized that economic prosperity would more than make up for her political defeat.
▪ Conservatives understand the engine of economic prosperity.
▪ The crime wave that spurred them has been falling steadily in times of greater economic prosperity.
▪ Bush emphasized the linkage between economic prosperity and political freedom.
▪ The outcome could have widened the already-growing gap between rich and poor and profoundly affected our economic prosperity for decades.
▪ Many other economic factors might be viewed as contributing to the emergence of spatial disparities in economic prosperity.
▪ Forbes, speaking by telephone, promoted his flat tax plan as a catalyst for economic prosperity.
recession
▪ The economic recession of the late 1970s brought about a decline in the scheme similar to that in regional policy.
▪ An economic recession could throw it right off course.
▪ Confirmation of economic recession Figures issued at the end of November 1990 confirmed that the economy was in recession.
▪ In the 1980s, the economic recession has produced a trend towards takeovers and mergers in the international record industry.
▪ Amid economic recession, the purges continued through 1954.
▪ Take the fear of economic recession - will you or your partner lose your job?
▪ Such figures represent a huge leapfrogging of rates formerly charged and need justifying in an economic recession.
▪ Under the present conditions of economic recession, regional policies are fighting a losing battle.
recovery
▪ The lower inflation and freer market, it is claimed, has generated an economic recovery.
▪ As Malden Mills continues its economic recovery, the victims of the fire are also improving.
▪ If the rise in long-term interest rates threatens economic recovery, then so does the sharp rally in the yen.
▪ They came in the period of relative economic recovery between the two big crises of 1929 and 1938.
▪ He will initially help local authorities and other agencies plan for the economic recovery of Cumbria, the worst hit area.
▪ Mr McVeigh said the investment programme would enable the company to benefit from economic recovery in its most important markets.
▪ What is needed is a period of steady law-making on the back of the economic recovery now unfolding.
▪ Second, we have seen off the threat of a world trade war which would have destroyed any hope of economic recovery.
reform
▪ Intended to support economic reforms over a 10-month period, the credit would be issued in four tranches.
▪ The leadership woke up last year after scientists warned that potential economic losses from an epidemic would erase gains from economic reforms.
▪ He retired from architectural practice in 1906 and concentrated once again on his utopian schemes for social and economic reform.
▪ He has preached pragmatism towards Moscow and a cautious approach to economic reform.
▪ The outcome of the voting on June 13 was portrayed by observers as a victory for supporters of radical economic reform.
▪ But economic reform is passing power from central government to the provinces, and from repressive institutions to individual enterprises.
▪ The loan would further the current economic reform programme, initiated in 1985.
sanction
▪ But what enables a state to resist the effects of economic sanctions?
▪ Finally, the courts have ruled that school boards can impose economic sanctions on teachers who go on strike.
▪ The United Nations is considering imposing new economic sanctions.
▪ Almost 10 years of bombing and economic sanctions have taken an enormous toll.
▪ Unfortunately, never in contemporary history have economic sanctions felled a regime, no matter how weak.
▪ They were criticised for a cavalier approach to company expenses and for contravening the government's economic sanctions against Rhodesia.
situation
▪ Alternative energy technologies will be successfully diffused only if realistic assumptions are made about the real economic situation in the Third World.
▪ Although independent, therefore, the country remains in a typically colonial economic situation, dangerously dependent on fluctuations in world markets.
▪ The first is the world economic situation, which hits him in two ways.
▪ Surely we each agree that fallow or underused land is of no help to the economic situation.
▪ Yet the economic situation will not by itself defeat the present regime.
▪ Experience has shown that the latter can not sustain liberal democracy in the context of their weak economic situations.
▪ In each country my talks centred on the serious economic situation and military issues including proliferation.
▪ Therefore individual work measurement becomes inappropriate and each worker's salary is determined primarily by the overall economic situation of the enterprise.
strategy
▪ The government denied that the changes had been precipitated by disagreements on economic strategy.
▪ Maynard Smith tried pitting different genetic strategies against each other in the same way that economists do with different economic strategies.
▪ Secondly, it will evaluate the impact of government economic strategies within each area.
▪ Dole aides have said the candidate may propose broader income tax cuts later this year as part of his long-range economic strategy.
▪ Activities included developing economic strategies and initiatives; providing business support services; improving the environment and removing barriers to economic development.
▪ An outline of the current national economic strategy is provided by the Minister of Industry and Commerce.
▪ Thus neither the causes nor consequences of this type of economic strategy can be said to be specifically local.
▪ Nevertheless, supply-side doctrine provided a theoretical underpinning for the main thrust of his economic strategy.
structure
▪ One powerful argument attributes this stagnation to the economic structure set in the early 1950s.
▪ These totals inevitably vary considerably from zone to zone, depending on its economic structure, location, and so on.
▪ As an economic structure, patronage had an effect on Leapor's poetry.
▪ Although Sri Lanka was a small island, there were marked differences in local economic structures even within the Sinhala-speaking areas.
▪ Even while the system remains capitalist it may at different phases be dominated by differently organized social and economic structures.
▪ For each country will have specific problems related to its own social, political and economic structure.
▪ This necessitated the abolition of the whole Bakufu- han system and the economic structure on which it rested.
▪ A home is established by the social, cultural and economic structures of the occupants of a house.
system
▪ If the monetary system topples the economic system will also come crashing down.
▪ Similarly, activities within the economic system can have a major impact on the political system.
▪ But in traditional capitalist socio-economic systems, companies may employ automation without regard to the cost to the whole population.
▪ Capitalism is an economic system based on the free accumulation of capital or wealth.
▪ An economic system justifies itself by pointing to the wealth it produces, and an educational establishment to skills and knowledge.
▪ It is they who in the future will be driving the economic system.
▪ In an economic system coordinated solely by markets there is no guarantee that what is produced can be sold.
▪ Chapter 9 analyzes the alternative frameworks through which the political system and the economic system are linked.
theory
▪ Some relate to queries concerning economic theory, others to the nature of the actors involved in political processes.
▪ It all sounds like economic theories, you know.
▪ The theory of free movement Traditional economic theory suggests that there are benefits to be reaped from creating free movement.
▪ Therefore, he devoted more of his time to philosophy and to educating Mexander the Great than he did to economic theory.
▪ The ultimate determinants of real investment, whether by foreign or domestic firms, remain a contentious issue in economic theory.
▪ The scientistic rationale was particularly influential in the creation of modern economic theory.
▪ Secondly, the competition of economic theory is cast solely in terms of price competition and narrowly defined profit maximisation.
▪ Standard economic theory would dismiss the effort as naive and counterproductive.
tie
▪ This, together with closer economic ties with the West, added to the Empire's leverage in international affairs.
trend
▪ What other relationships might exist between demographic and economic trends?
▪ Major is struggling to get the voters to focus on positive economic trends.
▪ In fact the Longbridge saga was more about global economic trends than currencies.
▪ Michael Ghiselin developed this idea further in 1974 and made some telling analogies with economic trends.
▪ Already a £4.1 billion industry, quick-service restaurants continue to expand as quickly as ever, despite the economic trend.
▪ However, economic trends and social security changes appear to have undermined these strategies.
▪ Despite some encouraging economic trends there is as yet no confirmed upturn in activity, and any recovery will be fragile.
▪ Plynus's desire for advancement is seen against economic trends which entice people from their duties.
PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
political/economic suicide
▪ Hence Mr Yeltsin's dilemma: to persuade the deputies to commit political suicide without acting unconstitutionally.
▪ It built the Central Valley Project to rescue the growers from economic suicide by groundwater overdraft.
▪ Sensing his authority had ebbed, Fujimori grimly took the only exit left: political suicide, a move that stunned everyone.
▪ The government believes it would be political suicide to allow pension contributions to rise above 30 percent.
▪ To have taken on the world in that state would have been political suicide.
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
▪ a wide variety of economic development strategies
▪ Cuba is emerging from five years of economic crisis.
▪ Florida will benefit from a number of economic trends that play to its strengths.
▪ In this kind of economic climate, employees prefer a lower salary in a job that is secure.
▪ Investors are holding out from Mexican stocks until they see clear signs of an economic recovery.
▪ Investors took their money elsewhere, prompting a far-reaching economic crisis.
▪ Slow economic growth and low consumer spending affected sales last year.
▪ The spies' motives were not political but economic.
▪ The tax breaks will stimulate economic activity.
▪ The US has maintained tough economic sanctions on Cuba.
▪ World leaders gathered in the Miyako Hotel to map out the agenda for next month's economic summit.
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
▪ Economic theory Until comparatively recently, bargaining was a subject on which economic theory had very little to say.
▪ By these measures, the economic gap between the wealthier countries and the poorer countries is usually diminished.
▪ Each region has integrated needs-for public transit, for water and sewer systems, for solid waste treatment, for economic development.
▪ In his acceptance speech, he said that the Government's economic policy was damaging business in the north-east.
▪ The economic downturn that began in 1929 was enough on its own to cause an initial increase in failures.
▪ The key issue for corporate profits in the new year will be economic growth.
▪ The rule also sets a stiff economic hurdle for smaller competitors.
▪ When approached by the scientists, he persuaded them to include an economic angle to the project.